PIPL creates two distinct governance roles: a personal information protection officer (PIPO) under Article 52, and a domestic dedicated institution or designated representative for overseas processors under Article 53. 《个人信息保护法》设定了两类不同的治理角色：第五十二条项下的个人信息保护负责人（个保负责人），以及第五十三条项下境外处理者须设立的境内专门机构或指定代表。 The 100-million-person threshold is the operative trigger: processors handling over … Personal Information Protection Officer and the Domestic Institution or Designated Representative for Overseas Processors under China’s PIPL: Governance Roles and Filing ObligationsRead more
FDI
App personal-information collection compliance in China (2026): the CAC draft rules and what FIEs must do
The CAC’s January 2026 draft “Rules on Personal Information Collection and Use by Internet Applications” codifies consent, separate consent for sensitive data, and minimal collection for apps, SDKs, distribution platforms and device makers. 国家网信办2026年1月《互联网应用程序个人信息收集使用规定（征求意见稿）》将同意、敏感信息单独同意与最小必要等要求成文化，覆盖App、SDK、分发平台与终端厂商。 Sensitive personal information (face, fingerprint, voiceprint) … App personal-information collection compliance in China (2026): the CAC draft rules and what FIEs must doRead more
China’s PIPL Compliance Audit Regime: What Foreign-Invested Enterprises Must Do in 2026
CAC Order No. 18, the Measures for the Administration of Personal Information Protection Compliance Audits, was published on 14 February 2025 and took effect on 1 May 2025. 《个人信息保护合规审计管理办法》以国家互联网信息办公室令第18号于2025年2月14日公布，自2025年5月1日起施行。 A handler processing the personal information of more than 10 million … China’s PIPL Compliance Audit Regime: What Foreign-Invested Enterprises Must Do in 2026Read more
Where Will Your China Dispute Be Heard? Jurisdiction over Foreign-Related Civil Cases under the Amended Civil Procedure Law in Force from 1 January 2024
From 1 January 2024 the amended Civil Procedure Law widens Chinese courts’ reach over foreign-related civil and commercial disputes, adding an “other appropriate connection” catch-all. 自2024年1月1日起施行的修改后民事诉讼法扩张了人民法院对涉外民商事案件的管辖范围，并新增”其他适当联系”兜底规则。 Article 277 lets parties choose Chinese courts by written agreement with no requirement that … Where Will Your China Dispute Be Heard? Jurisdiction over Foreign-Related Civil Cases under the Amended Civil Procedure Law in Force from 1 January 2024Read more
Seat of Arbitration and Interim Measures (Emergency Arbitrator): A 2026 Practical Guide for Foreign-Related Disputes in China
The “seat” (legal place) of arbitration, not the hearing venue, determines which courts supervise the proceedings and where awards are enforced — choosing it is one of the most consequential clauses in a foreign-related contract. 仲裁的”仲裁地”（法律所在地）而非开庭地点，决定由哪国法院监督程序及在何处执行裁决——选择仲裁地是涉外合同中最具后果的条款之一。 China’s leading institutions — … Seat of Arbitration and Interim Measures (Emergency Arbitrator): A 2026 Practical Guide for Foreign-Related Disputes in ChinaRead more
Recognizing and Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards in Mainland China: A Practical Guide under the New York Convention
The New York Convention has applied in mainland China since 22 April 1987, subject to China’s reciprocity reservation and commercial reservation. 《纽约公约》自1987年4月22日起在中国内地施行，并受中国作出的互惠保留与商事保留两项声明的约束。 The seat of arbitration—not the institution’s nationality, the hearing place, or the rules’ governing law—is the sole test … Recognizing and Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards in Mainland China: A Practical Guide under the New York ConventionRead more
China’s Supreme People’s Court International Commercial Court (CICC) and the 2026 Arbitration Law: a foreign-party guide
The Supreme People’s Court’s International Commercial Court (CICC, 国际商事法庭) provides first- and second-instance adjudication of foreign-related commercial disputes and centralized recognition of foreign judgments and awards. 最高人民法院国际商事法庭（CICC）集中审理涉外民商事一审、二审案件，并集中受理外国判决与裁决的承认案件。 The revised Arbitration Law (effective 1 March 2026) adds the “seat of arbitration,” … China’s Supreme People’s Court International Commercial Court (CICC) and the 2026 Arbitration Law: a foreign-party guideRead more
China’s Revised Arbitration Law (2026): what foreign parties and FIEs need to know
China’s Arbitration Law has been comprehensively revised for the first time since 1994: the new law was passed on 12 September 2025, promulgated by Presidential Order No. 54, and takes effect on 1 March 2026 with eight chapters and 96 … China’s Revised Arbitration Law (2026): what foreign parties and FIEs need to knowRead more
China’s Unified Market Access Negative List System and Foreign Investment: The 2025 Edition, Barrier Clean-up, and the Shift from Manufacturing to Services
China’s unified market-access negative list was cut to 106 items in the 2025 edition, down from 117 in 2022, extending the “national single list” model and enforcing the “non-prohibited-is-open” principle.2025年版市场准入负面清单由2022年版117项缩减至106项，全国统一清单模式持续拓宽，”非禁即入”原则刚性落地。 The 2025 version deletes or relaxes measures across seal-engraving, TV-production … China’s Unified Market Access Negative List System and Foreign Investment: The 2025 Edition, Barrier Clean-up, and the Shift from Manufacturing to ServicesRead more
2026 Negative List for foreign investment: what changed
As of 2026, the operative negative list is still the 2024 edition (NDRC/MOFCOM Order No. 23, effective 1 November 2024), not a newer “2026 list” — screen your sector against it. 截至 2026 年，现行有效的负面清单仍是 2024 年版（发改委、商务部第 23 号令，2024 年 11 … 2026 Negative List for foreign investment: what changedRead more