Capital & Cross-border / 资金跨境, Financial License / 金融牌照

Citi Securities (China) and the Wholly Foreign-Owned Securities Firm Route

  • The State Council’s report on financial work, delivered on 3 November 2026 to the 25th session of the 14th NPC Standing Committee, lists the approval to establish Citi Securities (China) Co., Ltd. among the year’s opening measures.
    国务院 2026 年 11 月 3 日向十四届全国人大常委会第二十五次会议所作的金融工作情况报告，将核准设立花旗证券（中国）有限公司列入本年度开放举措。
  • The same day, at the Hong Kong Monetary Authority’s fifth Global Financial Leaders’ Investment Summit, the securities regulator said that approval had brought the Wholly Foreign-Owned Securities Firm total on the mainland to seven.
    同日，在香港金融管理局第五届国际金融领袖投资峰会上，证券监管部门表示，该项核准使内地外资独资券商增至七家。
  • Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors may now take part in mainland Treasury Bond Futures, and 132 futures and options products were open to such accounts on 30 October 2026, 77 per cent of the exchange-traded universe.
    合格境外机构投资者（QFII）现可参与内地国债期货交易；截至 2026 年 10 月 30 日，此类账户可交易境内期货期权品种 132 个，占境内交易品种数的 77%。
  • For a non-financial group the most usable line is the nationwide rollout of Cross-Border Cash Pooling for multinationals, alongside the cross-border centralised fund operation policy.
    对非金融集团而言，最可用的一句是跨国公司本外币一体化资金池与跨境资金集中运营政策在全国推广。
  • Visa’s bank card clearing application is described as approved for preparation — a preparatory approval, not an operating licence — while five foreign bank and insurance institutions are described as cleared to open.
    威士公司的银行卡清算机构申请属于筹备获批——是筹备批复，不是开业许可；另有 5 家外资银行保险业机构获批开业。

Citi Securities (China) and the Wholly Foreign-Owned Securities Firm Route | 花旗证券（中国）核准设立与外资独资券商增至七家：如何读这份 2026 年 11 月的金融开放报告

Overview

On 3 November 2026 the State Council presented its report on financial work to the 25th session of the 14th National People’s Congress Standing Committee. Its section on high-level financial opening reads as a list: approval for Visa to prepare a bank card clearing institution, five foreign bank and insurance institutions cleared to open, and the approval to establish Citi Securities (China) Co., Ltd. That day, at the Hong Kong Monetary Authority’s fifth Global Financial Leaders’ Investment Summit, the securities regulator supplied the figure behind one item — wholly foreign-owned securities firms on the mainland now number seven.

A list of approvals is a poor guide to what a company should do next, but a good guide to where the gates are: each item sits at a different point in one sequence — application, preparatory approval, acceptance inspection, commencement.

Three routes, three different gates

A new securities firm. Approval to establish is the first gate, not a licence to trade, and no commencement date appears in the document. What binds a group weighing this route is what sits behind the approval: systems, staffing, compliance functions and capital at each later stage.

A bank card clearing institution. Visa’s position is a preparatory approval, and the word carries weight. Clearing is payment infrastructure; preparation, acceptance inspection and commencement are distinct steps. A preparatory approval says an applicant may begin building, not that cards will clear.

A bank or insurer. The five institutions are described as approved to open — the last gate, not the first. The report does not name them, and neither does this article.

Foreign entry is therefore three timelines, not one. Compare gates rather than headlines.

What reaches a manufacturer or a trader

Most foreign-invested enterprises will never apply for a securities licence. Four lines in the same section still reach them.

The first is the nationwide rollout of the integrated RMB and foreign-currency cash pool for multinationals and of the cross-border centralised fund operation policy. Both run on registration rather than transaction-by-transaction approval: the arrangement and its members are registered once, and transfers then move inside the registered limits. For a manufacturer with several mainland entities, surplus cash in one can be lent to another without a fresh approval each time.

The second is the commitment to coordinate local and foreign currency cross-border policy and to improve rules for corporate outbound lending, bank offshore lending and cross-border interbank financing. A group that funds China from offshore, or lends from China to affiliates abroad, has faced two sets of rules administered separately.

The third is panda bond facilitation for quality offshore issuers, which removes the currency mismatch an offshore borrowing creates. The report commits to convenience, not a quota or a price. A fourth item, the Shanghai action plan for offshore financial business, concerns groups whose treasury books sit in Shanghai.

QFII, treasury bond futures and 132 products

Two capital-market items came from the regulator, not the report: qualified foreign institutional investors may now take part in mainland treasury bond futures, and a five-year RMB contract is to be listed in Hong Kong. The same remarks noted more than 130 enterprises completing overseas listing filings in the first three quarters of 2026.

The product count behind the first item is worth keeping at hand. As of 30 October 2026, qualified investor accounts could trade 132 futures and options products on the mainland — 77 per cent of the domestic futures market’s product count. Of those, 120 were commodity (62 futures, 58 options), 11 financial (8 futures, 3 options) and one an index product, containerised freight index futures. Thirty-four were added during 2026, four of them treasury bond futures.

For a group holding RMB assets, the point is the shape of the toolkit: interest-rate risk on a bond book and currency risk on the same book can now be managed with exchange-traded instruments. Access still runs through the qualified-investor channel; eligibility, quota and permitted products must be checked against the current list.

Practical steps

  • Map mainland cash before choosing a structure; the registered scope decides what a transfer can do.
  • Treat the nationwide rollout as a re-papering exercise, not a new application; existing arrangements may need amending.
  • For an outbound lending programme, reconcile the outbound and inbound legs before the next funding cycle.
  • Hold the permitted-product list as a controlled document; 34 products were added in 2026 alone.

What the wording does not say

The report does not disclose the registered capital, shareholder composition, business scope or commencement date of the approved securities firm, and nothing here supplies them. It does not identify the five institutions, does not give a timetable for the cash pool rollout, and does not state that every group qualifies.

A preparatory approval is not an operating licence, and seven is a count, not a market-share statement. This article draws no conclusion about the merits of any institution.

Outlook

The next steps are departmental: implementing rules for the cash pool, product-level notices on permitted instruments, and commencement announcements from the institutions named in the report. None is dated in the document.

Related reading

  • *Multinational Cross-Border Cash Pooling: The National Framework* (Article 333) — the mechanics behind the nationwide rollout.

Sources

  • 中国政府网·国务院关于金融工作情况的报告：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 中国证监会·监管动态与新闻发布：https://www.csrc.gov.cn/
  • 中国人民银行·政策发布：https://www.pboc.gov.cn/
  • 国家外汇管理局·跨境资金池与跨境融资政策：https://www.safe.gov.cn/

花旗证券（中国）核准设立与外资独资券商增至七家：如何读这份 2026 年 11 月的金融开放报告

概述

2026 年 11 月 3 日，国务院向十四届全国人大常委会第二十五次会议作金融工作情况报告。其中”金融高水平开放”一节读起来是一份清单：依法批准威士公司银行卡清算机构筹备申请，5 家外资银行保险业机构相继获批开业，核准设立花旗证券（中国）有限公司。同一天，证券监管部门在香港金融管理局第五届国际金融领袖投资峰会上发言，为清单上的一项补上了数字——内地外资独资券商的数量由此增加到七家。

一份核准清单，用来回答”企业下一步该做什么”是失灵的，用来回答”关口在哪里”却相当好用。清单上的每一项，都处在同一条序列的不同位置上：先是申请，再是筹备获批，然后是验收，最后才是开业。而每一个位置所对应的义务并不相同，有的要求资本到位，有的要求系统上线，有的要求人员与合规职能配置完毕。把这些差异看清楚，比记住七这个数字更有用。

三条路径，三道不同的关口

新设证券公司。 核准设立是第一道关口，不是可以拿去交易的牌照，报告中也没有给出开业时间。对考虑这条路径的集团来说，真正的约束不在核准本身，而在核准之后要建起来的东西：系统、人员、合规职能，以及后续每一阶段所要求的资本。核准只是整条路径的起点，也是最便宜的一段。

银行卡清算机构。 威士公司拿到的是筹备批复，这个措辞有分量。清算属于支付基础设施职能，筹备、验收、开业是彼此独立的步骤。筹备获批说明申请人可以开始建设，并不说明卡已经可以开始清算。把筹备批复读成开业许可，是最常见的一种误读。

银行或保险公司。 报告中的 5 家机构表述为”获批开业”，那是最后一道关口，而不是第一道。报告没有点名，本文也不点名。

由此可见，外资入华是三条时间线，而不是一条。集团在比较路径时，应当比较关口，而不是比较标题——筹备批复与开业许可，并不是同一种资产，也不可以互相替代。

哪些内容真正传导到制造与贸易类企业

多数在华外资企业不会去申请证券牌照。但同一节里有四项安排，与制造、贸易类企业的日常经营直接相关。

第一项是跨国公司本外币一体化资金池与跨境资金集中运营政策在全国推广。两者的运行逻辑都是备案与登记，而不是逐笔审批：参与主体与额度结构登记一次，之后的资金调拨就在已登记的范围之内进行。对拥有多个境内实体的制造企业而言，这意味着一个实体的沉淀资金，可以在符合现行规定的前提下调剂给另一个实体，不必每一次都重新报批。需要注意的是，登记范围决定了调拨能做到什么，范围之外的安排仍然要按现行规定办理。

第二项是推进本外币跨境政策协调，优化企业境外放款、银行境外贷款和跨境同业融资政策。以境外资金供养境内业务、或者从境内向境外关联方放款的集团，过去面对的是两套分别管理的规则；两套规则之间的协调，正是这句话的实质所在。

第三项是便利境外优质主体来华发行熊猫债。对存在境内人民币资金需求的集团而言，境内发行可以消除境外借款带来的货币错配。报告承诺的是便利，不是额度，也不是价格。此外还有《上海国际金融中心发展离岸金融行动方案》，与资金中心或交易账簿设在上海的集团关联度最高。

QFII、国债期货与 132 个品种

两项资本市场安排来自监管部门，而不是报告本身：合格境外机构投资者现可参与内地国债期货交易，五年期人民币国债期货将在香港上市。同一场合还提到，2026 年前三季度完成 130 多家企业境外上市备案。

第一项背后的品种数量值得放在手边。截至 2026 年 10 月 30 日，合格投资者可交易境内期货期权品种 132 个，占境内期货市场交易品种数的 77%。其中商品类 120 个，包括商品期货 62 个、期权 58 个；金融类 11 个，包括金融期货 8 个、金融期权 3 个；指数类 1 个，为集运指数期货。2026 年以来新增可交易品种 34 个，其中含国债期货 4 个。

对持有人民币资产的集团而言，意义不在数量，而在工具箱的形状：债券组合的利率风险，与同一本账簿上的汇率风险，现在可以用场内工具管理，而不只依赖场外合约。准入仍走合格投资者通道，资格、额度与可交易品种，须逐项对照现行清单核对，不能凭印象推定。

落地步骤

  • 先画清集团在境内的资金分布，再选结构。资金池与集中运营解决的是不同问题，登记范围决定了调拨能做到什么。
  • 把全国推广当作一次重新签约，而不是一次新申请——既有安排可能需要按现行模板修订。
  • 有境外放款安排的，在下一个融资周期之前，把”出”与”入”两端对齐。
  • 把可交易品种清单当作受控文件管理；仅 2026 年就新增了 34 个品种。

文本没有说的部分

报告没有披露已核准证券公司的注册资本、股东结构、业务范围与开业时间，本文也不作补充。报告没有点名那 5 家银行保险机构，没有给出资金池推广的时间表，也没有说明所有集团都符合条件。

筹备批复不是开业许可。外资独资券商”七家”是一个数量，不是市场份额的表述。本文不评价任何机构的优劣，也不构成投资建议。

展望

下一个可观察的节点在部门层面：资金池与集中运营政策的实施细则，可交易品种层面的业务通知，以及报告所涉机构的开业公告。这些内容在文件中都没有标注日期，因此不宜据此推算时间表。

延伸阅读

  • 《跨国公司跨境资金池：全国框架怎么落地》（第 333 篇）——本文所述全国推广背后的运行机制。
  • 《外资参与证券、基金、期货的路径》（第 291 篇）——牌照路径的更多细节。

来源

  • 中国政府网·国务院关于金融工作情况的报告：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 中国证监会·监管动态与新闻发布：https://www.csrc.gov.cn/
  • 中国人民银行·政策发布：https://www.pboc.gov.cn/
  • 国家外汇管理局·跨境资金池与跨境融资政策：https://www.safe.gov.cn/
Labour Dispatch / 劳务派遣, Tax Compliance / 税务合规

VAT Withholding When the Seller Is Abroad and the Team Is Onshore

  • Services supplied inside China by Overseas Individuals make the buyer the VAT Withholding Agent under Article 15 of the VAT Law, a rule that predates the 2026 announcement.
    境外个人在境内提供服务的，购买方依《增值税法》第十五条成为增值税扣缴义务人；这是既有规则，早于 2026 年的公告。
  • The rate applied to a service supplied inside China by an overseas individual is 6 per cent, and no Urban Maintenance and Construction Tax is levied on that VAT.
    境外个人在境内提供服务适用 6% 税率，且对其缴纳的增值税不征收城市维护建设税。
  • Announcement No. 28 of 2026 builds a withholding system for domestic natural persons; it does not create the buyer’s obligation towards an overseas seller.
    2026 年第 28 号公告建立的是境内自然人的扣缴制度，并没有创设购买方对境外销售方的扣缴义务。
  • Where the seller sits abroad and the team sits onshore, who pays the fee decides the chain: a payer inside China withholds, a payer outside China follows a different route.
    卖方在境外、团队在境内时，由谁付款决定链条：付款方在境内则代扣，付款方在境外则走另一条路径。
  • Cross-Border Service Fees should be contracted on a tax-inclusive basis, because the withholding is computed on the amount paid and cannot be recovered from a clause.
    跨境服务费应按含税口径签约，因为扣缴按实付金额计算，无法靠合同条款追回。
  • Between 1 January and 31 October 2026 the natural person still self-declares; the withholding route under Announcement No. 28 starts on 1 November 2026.
    2026 年 1 月 1 日至 10 月 31 日发生的应税交易仍由自然人自行申报；28 号公告的扣缴路径自 2026 年 11 月 1 日起适用。

VAT Withholding When the Seller Is Abroad and the Team Is Onshore | 卖方在境外、团队在境内：增值税扣缴由谁做、扣什么、凭证怎么走

Overview

A foreign group runs a project in China with a small onshore team: a country manager, two engineers, a part-time designer paid by the day, and a professor flown in for a two-week training block. Invoices arrive from four different places, and the finance team in Shanghai has to decide, for each one, whether tax is withheld, by whom, at what rate, and against which document.

That decision is often described as a new problem created by the 2026 announcement on withholding VAT from natural persons. It is not. The announcement, effective 1 November 2026, builds a withholding system for domestic natural persons. The obligation that concerns an overseas seller is older, sits in Article 15 of the VAT Law, and has not changed. Confusing the two produces either an over-withholding that the seller disputes or an under-withholding that surfaces at audit.

Three chains, kept apart

Three relationships are routinely conflated. They share vocabulary and share nothing else.

Domestic natural person to domestic buyer. Announcement No. 28 of 2026, effective 1 November 2026. The domestic entity that buys from a natural person becomes the withholding agent for that transaction. This article does not re-describe the mechanics; they are covered separately.

Overseas individual to a buyer inside China. Article 15 of the VAT Law: where an overseas unit or individual carries out a taxable transaction inside China, the purchaser is the VAT withholding agent, unless a domestic agent is appointed to declare and pay under State Council rules. This is a pre-existing rule.

Overseas entity to a buyer inside China. The same Article 15 sentence covers units as well as individuals. What differs is the practical route: a domestic agent may be appointed to declare and pay. The announcement does not set a rate conclusion for a corporate seller, and neither does this article.

Keep the three in separate columns on the same page. Most errors come from applying the mechanics of the first chain to a transaction that belongs in the second.

The overseas individual route

For an individual seller, the position is relatively clean. The service is supplied inside China, the purchaser is the withholding agent, the applicable rate for the service is 6 per cent, and the construction tax does not apply.

Two conditions deserve attention. First, “inside China” is a factual question about where the service is consumed, not about where the contract is signed or where the invoice is issued. A consultant who works remotely from abroad for a Chinese project is a different case from one who delivers workshops in Shanghai, and the file should record which one it is.

Second, the exception is narrow. A domestic agent appointed under State Council rules to declare and pay displaces the purchaser’s withholding role. Absent that appointment, the purchaser holds the obligation, and a contract clause allocating tax to the seller does not move it.

Why the construction tax changes the price

Article 3 of the Urban Maintenance and Construction Tax Law provides that VAT paid by an overseas unit or individual on labour and services sold into China is not subject to the construction tax.

The practical effect is a cost structure that differs from a domestic natural person engagement. On the domestic side, VAT is accompanied by the construction tax and its surcharges, which are calculated by reference to the VAT actually paid. On the overseas individual side, the VAT is there and the construction tax is not. A quote built on the domestic template overstates the add-on; a quote built on “no tax” understates the whole.

For a group negotiating a net fee, this is where the argument actually happens. The gross-up must be calculated on the correct base: 6 per cent on the payment, with no construction tax layer. Getting that wrong by a few points is not a rounding issue on a multi-year consulting arrangement; it is a permanent margin difference.

Contracts, invoices and vouchers

The tax outcome is largely fixed before the invoice is issued.

Decide whether the contract price is tax-inclusive. If the fee is stated net and the withholding falls on the payer, the payer absorbs it, and the budget was wrong from the start.

Decide who issues the invoice. An overseas individual generally cannot issue a Chinese invoice; the withholding certificate becomes the document the payer holds. That certificate is what supports the booking and, where relevant, the deduction position. A file without it is a payment without evidence.

Decide how the payment leaves. A cross-border remittance and an onshore payment run on different rails, with different documentation, and the withholding must be settled on the correct rail. Splitting a single engagement across both rails without a rule is how a clean file becomes a reconciliation problem.

The onshore team question

The same person can be engaged in three ways, and each produces a different withholding position.

Engaged as an individual service provider, the payment is a service fee, and the buyer is the withholding agent under Article 15.

Engaged through a domestic staffing or outsourcing arrangement, the payment is to an entity, and the withholding analysis moves to that entity’s own invoicing.

Employed directly by the Chinese subsidiary, the payment is salary, and the question becomes payroll withholding rather than service withholding.

The engagement label is not decisive; the substance is. A daily-paid designer who works on the company’s systems, on the company’s schedule, for one client looks less like a service provider than the contract says. This article flags the boundary only. The rules on dispatch ratios and social insurance sit elsewhere, and they are not affected by the 2026 announcement.

Practical steps

  • Add a withholding determination to the payment approval flow, before the payment is released rather than after.
  • Separate the two payment channels in the ledger: cross-border remittance and onshore payment, each with its own withholding logic.
  • Record the place of performance for every service engagement, in writing, at the point of contracting.
  • Keep the tax residency status and any treaty position of the individual on file, since both affect the analysis and both take time to evidence.
  • For corporate sellers, confirm whether a domestic agent has been appointed; if it has, the file needs that appointment, not a withholding certificate.

Outlook

Expect the first disputes to concern the place of performance rather than the rate, because the rate for an individual service is settled while the geography is not. Expect scrutiny of arrangements that split one engagement into a cross-border contract and an onshore payment run. The defensible position is documentation created at the time of contracting, not reconstructed at the time of examination.

Related reading

  • *Withholding VAT on Natural Person Service Providers* (Article 502) — the domestic natural person mechanics in full.

Sources

  • 国家税务总局四川省税务局·28 号公告附件《境内单位代扣代缴自然人增值税管理办法》条文问答：https://sichuan.chinatax.gov.cn/art/2026/10/9/art_327_1364961.html
  • 国家税务总局法规库·《中华人民共和国增值税法》及实施条例：https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/
  • 国家税务总局甘肃省税务局·扣缴申报时限条文问答：http://gansu.chinatax.gov.cn/art/2026/9/10/art_75_476972.html
  • 财政部·政策发布：https://www.mof.gov.cn/

卖方在境外、团队在境内：增值税扣缴由谁做、扣什么、凭证怎么走

概述

一家外国集团在中国做一个项目，境内只有一支小团队：一名国别经理、两名工程师、一名按日计酬的兼职设计师，再加一位飞来讲两周课的专家。发票从四个地方来，上海的财务要为每一张判断：要不要扣税、由谁扣、按什么税率、凭什么凭证入账。

这件事常被说成 2026 年自然人增值税扣缴公告带来的新问题。并不是。2026 年 11 月 1 日起施行的公告，建立的是境内自然人的扣缴制度。真正涉及境外销售方的那项义务更早，写在《增值税法》第十五条里，这次没有变。把两者混在一起，结果只有两种：要么多扣，销售方来争；要么少扣，检查时才浮现。

三条链条，必须分开

有三种关系经常被混为一谈。它们用同一套词，除此之外没有共同点。

境内自然人对境内购买方。 2026 年第 28 号公告，自 2026 年 11 月 1 日起施行。向自然人购买服务的境内单位，就该笔交易成为扣缴义务人。本文不再复述其机制，另有专文。

境外个人对境内购买方。 《增值税法》第十五条：境外单位或者个人在境内发生应税交易的，购买方为增值税扣缴义务人；按照国务院规定委托境内代理人申报缴纳税款的除外。这是既有规则。

境外单位对境内购买方。 第十五条同一句话既覆盖单位也覆盖个人。不同之处在操作路径：可以委托境内代理人申报缴纳。公告没有就企业销售方给出税率结论，本文也不给。

把三条画成同一页上的三列。多数错误，都是把第一条的机制套到了本该归入第二条的交易上。

境外个人这条路径

对个人销售方而言，位置相对清楚：服务在境内提供，购买方是扣缴义务人，服务适用 6% 税率，城建税不征。

有两个条件值得盯住。第一，”在境内”是关于服务在哪里被消费的事实判断，不是合同在哪里签、发票在哪里开。一位在境外远程为中国项目工作的顾问，与一位在上海现场授课的顾问，是两个案子；卷宗里要写清是哪一个。

第二，除外情形很窄。按国务院规定委托境内代理人申报缴纳，才会替代购买方的扣缴地位。没有这项委托，义务就落在购买方身上，合同里约定由销售方承担税负的条款也搬不动它。

城建税如何改变价格

《城市维护建设税法》第三条规定：境外单位或者个人向境内销售劳务、服务缴纳的增值税，不征收城市维护建设税。

实际效果是，成本结构与境内自然人交易不同。境内这一侧，增值税之外还有以实缴增值税为计税依据的城建税及附加；境外个人这一侧，有增值税，没有城建税。拿境内模板做的报价，会把附加算高；拿”没有税”做的报价，会把整体算低。

对谈净额费用的集团来说，分歧就发生在这里。含税还原要按正确的基数算：按付款额计 6%，不再叠加城建税。差几个百分点，放在多年期顾问安排上不是四舍五入的问题，而是永久的毛利差。

合同、发票与凭证

税务结果，很大程度上在开票之前就定了。

先定合同价款是否含税。若约定净额、扣缴落在付款方，就是付款方吸收，预算从一开始就错了。

再定发票由谁开。境外个人通常无法开具中国发票，付款方手上留下的是扣缴凭证。入账靠它；涉及税前扣除的，也靠它。没有这份凭证，就是一笔没有证据的付款。

还要定钱怎么出去。跨境付汇与境内付款走的是两条通道，单据不同，扣缴必须在正确的那条通道上结清。同一项业务拆到两条通道却没有规则，干净的一笔账就会变成对账难题。

在岸团队这一问

同一个人，可以三种方式合作，扣缴位置各不相同。

按个人服务提供者结算，付款是服务费，购买方依第十五条成为扣缴义务人。

通过境内劳务派遣或外包安排结算，付款对象是单位，扣缴分析转到该单位自己的开票环节。

由境内子公司直接雇佣，付款是工资，问题就从服务扣缴变成工资薪金的扣缴。

名义不决定性质，实质才决定。一位按日计酬的设计师，用公司的系统、按公司的排期、只服务一个客户，看起来就不像合同上写的那样是服务提供者。本文只标出这条边界；派遣比例与社保规则另有专文，也不因 2026 年的公告而改变。

落地步骤

  • 在付款审批流里加一个”扣缴判定”节点，放在放款之前，而不是之后。
  • 账上把两条付款通道分开：跨境付汇与境内付款，各自一套扣缴逻辑。
  • 每一项服务合作，在签约时以书面记录实际履行地。
  • 个人的税收居民身份与协定待遇材料归档，两者都影响判断，且都需要时间取证。
  • 对企业销售方，先确认是否已委托境内代理人；若已委托，卷宗里需要的是那份委托，而不是扣缴凭证。

展望

可以预期，第一批争议会集中在履行地，而不是税率——个人服务的税率是清楚的，地理位置不是。也可以预期，把同一项业务拆成一份跨境合同加一笔境内付款的安排会被重点审视。站得住的做法，是在签约当时形成书面记录，而不是在检查时再补。

延伸阅读

  • 《境内单位代扣代缴自然人增值税：外资企业采购个人服务的扣缴流程》（第 502 篇）——境内自然人扣缴机制的完整说明。

来源

  • 国家税务总局四川省税务局·28 号公告附件《境内单位代扣代缴自然人增值税管理办法》条文问答：https://sichuan.chinatax.gov.cn/art/2026/10/9/art_327_1364961.html
  • 国家税务总局法规库·《中华人民共和国增值税法》及实施条例：https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/
  • 国家税务总局甘肃省税务局·扣缴申报时限条文问答：http://gansu.chinatax.gov.cn/art/2026/9/10/art_75_476972.html
  • 财政部·政策发布：https://www.mof.gov.cn/
Employment Management / 雇佣管理, Tax Compliance / 税务合规

Penalty Benchmarks for Social Insurance Arrears: A National Yardstick Arrives

  • The national Administrative Penalty Benchmarks for tax matters, 2026 edition, took effect on 1 November 2026 and place Social Insurance Contributions inside a single national yardstick for the first time.
    全国税务行政处罚裁量基准（2026 年版）自 2026 年 11 月 1 日起施行，社会保险费第一次被纳入全国统一的裁量标尺。
  • Social insurance arrears sit at item 30 of the benchmarks, under the category covering the collection and administration of taxes and fees.
    社保欠缴位列裁量基准第 30 项，归入”违反税（费）款征收管理类”。
  • Under Article 86 of the Social Insurance Law a Late Payment Surcharge of 0.05 per cent per day runs from the date the contribution fell due, alongside any fine.
    按照《社会保险法》第八十六条，滞纳金自欠缴之日起按日加收万分之五，与罚款并行。
  • Arrears below RMB 500,000 attract a fine of one times the amount; between RMB 500,000 and RMB 5 million the tier depends on the share of the amount due.
    欠缴不满 50 万元的，处欠缴数额一倍的罚款；50 万元以上不满 500 万元的，档次取决于占应缴数额的比例。
  • Arrears above RMB 5 million that also exceed 30 per cent of the amount due fall into the severe tier, where the fine is two to three times the arrears.
    欠缴 500 万元以上且占比 30% 以上的，落入”严重”档，罚款为欠缴数额的二倍以上三倍以下。
  • The most common exposure is a Contribution Base set at the local minimum rather than at total wages, which understates every month of the year.
    最常见的风险是把缴费基数按当地最低标准申报，而不是按工资总额申报，这会让全年每一个月都被低估。

Penalty Benchmarks for Social Insurance Arrears: A National Yardstick Arrives | 社保欠缴的处罚裁量：一把全国统一的尺子落地

Overview

On 1 November 2026 the 2026 edition of the national tax administrative penalty benchmarks came into effect. Most of the document restates discretion that already existed. One entry does not: social insurance contributions now appear in the national benchmarks, as item 30, filed under the category that covers the collection and administration of taxes and fees.

For an employer the distinction matters. The benchmarks do not create a contribution, raise a rate, or widen the population that must be insured. They fix, in one place, how large a fine may be once an employer has already failed to pay what it owed. That is a narrower change than a new levy, and a more consequential one than it looks, because a fine is the part of the exposure a finance team cannot forecast from its own payroll data.

What the 2026 edition changes

The document covers nine categories and sixty-six penalty items. Social insurance is one of them.

Three points of reading discipline follow. First, this is a discretion standard, not a liability rule: it tells an authority how to choose a penalty inside a statutory range, and the range itself still comes from the Social Insurance Law. Second, it attaches to the collection relationship, which the tax authorities administer in most of the country since collection duties were transferred to them. Third, it is national, so a group with entities in several provinces is now measured against one scale rather than against whatever practice each locality had settled into.

The three tiers

The structure is a grid of amount and proportion, and the proportion is the half that employers underestimate.

General. Non-payment or underpayment below RMB 500,000; or an amount between RMB 500,000 and RMB 5 million where the shortfall is below 30 per cent of the amount due. Fine: one times the arrears.

Relatively serious. An amount between RMB 500,000 and RMB 5 million where the shortfall is 30 per cent or more; or an amount above RMB 5 million where the shortfall is below 30 per cent. Fine: one to two times the arrears.

Serious. An amount above RMB 5 million where the shortfall is 30 per cent or more, or other serious circumstances. Fine: two to three times the arrears.

Read the grid as a pair of thresholds that move together. A company owing RMB 4 million against an amount due of RMB 10 million is at 40 per cent and therefore in the middle tier, even though the absolute figure is well below the top threshold. A company owing RMB 6 million against RMB 40 million is at 15 per cent and also falls in the middle tier, because above RMB 5 million a share below 30 per cent still lands there rather than in the severe tier. The severe tier needs both conditions at once: more than RMB 5 million, and more than 30 per cent.

Surcharge and fine run in parallel

Article 86 has two stages. The collection authority orders payment or make-up within a time limit and adds a late payment surcharge of 0.05 per cent per day from the date the contribution fell due. If the employer still does not pay, an administrative department imposes a fine of one to three times the arrears.

The surcharge is not a penalty and is not replaced by one. It accrues daily on the amount owed, so it grows with time rather than with anyone’s view of culpability. A company that clears a three-year arrears at the end of an examination pays three years of surcharge on top of the principal, and only then discusses the fine.

Who this reaches

Any employer with staff on a Chinese payroll, domestic or foreign-invested. The group most affected is not the single-site company but the group with branches in several provinces. Until now the same shortfall could be handled differently depending on where the file was opened, which made internal comparisons unreliable. A unified scale makes the group’s own benchmarking possible for the first time, and it also makes an inconsistent internal position harder to defend: a subsidiary cannot argue that its practice was normal locally when the parent applies the same test everywhere.

Where the exposure actually sits

Four practices account for most of the risk, and none of them is exotic.

A base set at the minimum. Declaring on the local minimum base rather than on total wages is the single most common cause of a shortfall. The gap per employee is small and compounds across a headcount and across years.

Wages split into allowances. Moving part of pay into items treated as reimbursements or subsidies keeps it out of the base. Where the item is in substance remuneration, the split does not survive an examination.

Foreign employees. The scope of participation for foreign staff is a question of its own, and the assumption that a foreign national sits outside the system is frequently wrong.

Dispatch and outsourcing. Whether a worker is employed by the entity that uses the labour changes who owes the contribution and where it is paid. This article flags the point only; the rules on dispatch are treated elsewhere.

The waiver that does not work

A signed statement in which an employee gives up social insurance has no legal effect. The obligation is mandatory, and a private agreement cannot dispose of it. This is a rule of the Social Insurance Law that predates the 2026 edition; the benchmarks change the consequence of non-payment, not the validity of the waiver. Companies that hold such statements sometimes treat them as evidence of employee consent. They are evidence of the opposite: that the employer knew the obligation existed.

Practical steps

  • Reconcile the contribution base to total wages for each entity and each month, not to the declared figure alone.
  • Confirm where each branch is registered and pays; the paying location decides which authority opens the file.
  • Run a historical self-review before an examination finds the gap. Voluntary correction and assessed correction are different conversations, with different starting points for the fine.
  • For foreign staff, settle the participation position and any bilateral social security agreement before the next filing cycle, not after.
  • Reconcile once: contribution data, individual income tax and the annual settlement read the same payroll, and a single monthly reconciliation prevents three separate corrections.

Outlook

Expect local guidance on how the tiers are applied in practice, and expect the first wave of cases to involve groups with cross-province payroll rather than single entities. The useful preparation is arithmetic. Know the base, know the gap, and know which tier that gap falls into before anyone asks the question.

Related reading

  • *Centralised Payment Rules for Labour Dispatch* (Article 490) — where dispatch ends and direct employment begins.
  • *Social Insurance for Foreign Employees* (Article 248) — the participation question for expatriate staff.

Sources

  • 国家税务总局·《国家税务总局关于发布〈全国税务行政处罚裁量基准（2026 年版）〉的公告》（国家税务总局公告 2026 年第 20 号）：https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100012/c5252754/content.html
  • 国家税务总局 12366 纳税服务平台·裁量基准违法行为种类与阶次：https://12366.chinatax.gov.cn/wap/pages/detailall.html?id=0000000002026101400015&url=sscx/toDetail
  • 国家税务总局·关于该公告的政策解读（明确”9 类 66 项””税费皆重”口径）：https://shanghai.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfw/zcjd/202610/t481675.html
  • 人力资源社会保障部·《中华人民共和国社会保险法》相关：https://www.mohrss.gov.cn/

社保欠缴的处罚裁量：一把全国统一的尺子落地

概述

2026 年 11 月 1 日，全国税务行政处罚裁量基准（2026 年版）开始施行。文件的大部分内容是对既有裁量口径的重述，只有一处不是：社会保险费第一次出现在全国统一的裁量基准里，列为第 30 项，归入”违反税（费）款征收管理类”。

对用人单位来说，这个区别是实质性的。裁量基准没有新设一个费种，没有提高费率，也没有扩大参保人群。它做的是把”欠缴之后罚款可以罚多少”固定在一个地方。这比新开一个费种要窄，却比看上去更要紧——因为罚款恰恰是财务团队无法从自己的工资数据里推算出来的那部分敞口。

2026 年版改变了什么

文件覆盖九类、六十六项处罚事项，社保是其中一项。

读这份文本有三条纪律。第一，它是裁量标准，不是责任规则：它告诉执法机关在法定幅度内如何选择罚则，而幅度本身仍来自《社会保险法》。第二，它附着在征缴关系上，而征缴职责划转之后，多数地区的征缴关系由税务机关管理。第三，它是全国性的：在多省设有实体的集团，从此面对同一把尺子，而不是各省各自形成的做法。

三个档次

结构是一张”金额 × 比例”的网格，而比例正是用人单位最容易低估的那一半。

一般。 不缴或少缴社会保险费不满 50 万元；或者金额在 50 万元以上不满 500 万元，且欠缴数额占应缴社会保险费不满 30%。罚款为欠缴数额的一倍。

较重。 金额在 50 万元以上不满 500 万元且占比 30% 以上；或者金额在 500 万元以上且占比不满 30%。罚款为欠缴数额的一倍以上二倍以下。

严重。 金额在 500 万元以上且占比 30% 以上，或者有其他严重情节。罚款为欠缴数额的二倍以上三倍以下。

读这张网格，要把它看成两个同时移动的门槛。一家企业欠缴 400 万元、应缴 1000 万元，占比 40%，即便绝对金额远低于最高门槛，也落在”较重”档。另一家欠缴 600 万元、应缴 4000 万元，占比 15%，同样落在”较重”档——因为金额一旦超过 500 万元，占比不满 30% 仍归入这一档，而不是”严重”档。”严重”档需要两个条件同时成立：500 万元以上，且占比 30% 以上。

滞纳金与罚款并行

第八十六条分两个阶段。征收机构责令限期缴纳或者补足，并自欠缴之日起按日加收万分之五的滞纳金。逾期仍不缴纳的，由有关行政部门处欠缴数额一倍以上三倍以下的罚款。

滞纳金不是罚款，也不会被罚款吸收。它按欠缴金额逐日累积，随时间增长，而不随任何人对过错程度的判断变化。一家企业在检查结束时一次性清缴三年的欠费，就要为这三年补缴三年的滞纳金，之后才轮到讨论罚款。

波及谁

凡是在中国有工资表、有在册员工的用人单位，无论内资还是外资，都在射程之内。受影响最明显的并不是单点企业，而是在多省设有分支机构的集团。同一笔欠缴，此前可能因为案卷开在哪个地区而处理不同，集团内部的横向比较因此并不可靠。统一尺度第一次让集团自己做横向基准成为可能，也让内部口径不一致更难解释：当母公司对所有主体适用同一套测试时，子公司无法再主张”当地就是这么做的”。

风险实际落在哪里

四种做法解释了大部分风险，而它们都不算罕见。

按最低基数申报。 按当地最低缴费基数而不是工资总额申报，是欠缴最常见的成因。单人差额不大，但会随人数和年份累加。

把工资拆成补贴。 把部分薪酬放进按报销或补贴处理的项目，就能把它排除在基数之外。如果该项目实质上是劳动报酬，拆分经不起检查。

外籍员工。 外籍人员的参保范围本身是一个独立问题，”外籍人士不在体系内”这一假定经常是错的。

派遣与外包。 劳动者究竟受雇于使用劳动力的单位还是另一主体，决定了谁欠缴、在哪里缴。本文只作提示，派遣规则另有专文。

那份放弃声明没有用

员工签署的自愿放弃社保声明不具备法律效力。缴费是强制性义务，私人约定无权处分。这是《社会保险法》层面早已存在的规则，早于 2026 年版裁量基准；基准改变的是不缴的后果，不是声明的效力。持有这类声明的企业有时把它当作员工同意的证据，它证明的恰恰相反：用人单位知道这项义务存在。

落地步骤

  • 逐主体、逐月把缴费基数与工资总额勾稽，而不是只核对申报数。
  • 确认每个分支机构的登记地与缴费地；缴费地决定由哪一级机关立案。
  • 在检查发现缺口之前先做历史自查。主动纠正与被查后纠正，是两场不同的对话，罚款的起点也不同。
  • 外籍员工的参保口径与双边社保协定衔接，要在下一个申报周期之前定下来，而不是之后。
  • 只做一次勾稽：社保缴费、个人所得税与年度汇算读的是同一份工资表，每月核对一次，可以省掉三次分别更正。

展望

可以预期各地会就档次的具体适用给出操作口径，也可以预期第一批案例会集中在跨省发薪的集团，而不是单一主体。真正有用的准备是算术：先知道基数，再知道缺口，再知道这个缺口落在哪一档——在有人来问之前。

延伸阅读

  • 《劳务派遣集中支付规则》（第 490 篇）——派遣与直接用工的边界。
  • 《外籍员工的社会保险》（第 248 篇）——外派人员的参保问题。

来源

  • 国家税务总局·《国家税务总局关于发布〈全国税务行政处罚裁量基准（2026 年版）〉的公告》（国家税务总局公告 2026 年第 20 号）：https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100012/c5252754/content.html
  • 国家税务总局 12366 纳税服务平台·裁量基准违法行为种类与阶次：https://12366.chinatax.gov.cn/wap/pages/detailall.html?id=0000000002026101400015&url=sscx/toDetail
  • 国家税务总局·关于该公告的政策解读（明确”9 类 66 项””税费皆重”口径）：https://shanghai.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfw/zcjd/202610/t481675.html
  • 人力资源社会保障部·《中华人民共和国社会保险法》相关：https://www.mohrss.gov.cn/
Education & Training / 教育培训, Patent / 专利

Two Intellectual Property Plans for the 15th Five-Year Period: What Changes for Foreign R&D Centres

  • The State Council has issued the Intellectual Property Protection and Utilisation 15th Five-Year Plan, a directional document setting goals to 2030 rather than creating new filing channels.
    国务院印发《知识产权保护和运用”十五五”规划》，这是一份设定 2030 年目标的方向性文件，并未新设申报通道。
  • By 2030 the plan targets more than 22 high-value invention patents per 10,000 people, at least six more than at the end of the previous plan period.
    规划提出到 2030 年每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量超过 22 件，较”十四五”末增长 6 件以上。
  • The China National Intellectual Property Administration issued its Patent Examination Rules plan on 3 November 2026, with four task areas and seven special projects.
    国家知识产权局于 2026 年 11 月 3 日印发《专利和商标审查”十五五”规划》，设四方面重点任务与 7 个专项工程。
  • Examination standards for big data, Artificial Intelligence Inventions and gene technology will be revised, so specifications and claims should leave room to adapt.
    大数据、人工智能发明与基因技术的审查标准将予完善，说明书与权利要求应预留调整空间。
  • The plan will study protection objects for virtual and augmented reality designs and adjust submission rules for Graphical User Interfaces in due course.
    规划将研究虚拟现实、增强现实等数字领域外观设计保护客体，并适时调整图形用户界面提交规则。
  • Work on Standard Essential Patents examination policy continues, which matters to companies involved in standard setting and FRAND compliance.
    标准必要专利审查政策将继续完善，这对参与标准制定与 FRAND 合规的企业尤为重要。
  • Trademark measures target bad-faith filings through systematic regulation and penetrative supervision of applicants, changing how foreign brands plan their remedies.
    商标措施通过系统规制与对申请主体的穿透式监管治理恶意申请，改变外资品牌规划救济路径的方式。
  • Public training on foreign patent examination policy and information sharing is part of the plan, giving foreign companies a talent and training resource.
    加强国外专利审查政策公共培训与信息共享是规划内容之一，为外资企业提供了人才与培训资源。

Two Intellectual Property Plans for the 15th Five-Year Period: What Changes for Foreign R&D Centres | 知识产权两个”十五五”规划：外资研发中心要看的三个方向

Overview

In early November 2026 two five-year plans on intellectual property were released. The State Council issued the Intellectual Property Protection and Utilisation 15th Five-Year Plan; on 3 November 2026 the China National Intellectual Property Administration issued its plan for patent and trademark examination over the same period.

Both are directional documents: no application window, quota or threshold, only the direction examination practice will follow to 2030.

Two plans, one direction

The State Council plan anchors the building of an intellectual property power with Chinese characteristics and world standards. By 2030, comprehensive strength and international competitiveness should be further enhanced across protection, market value, public services, management and international cooperation, and the building of that power should reach a decisive stage.

Its headline indicator is more than 22 high-value invention patents per 10,000 people, at least six more than at the end of the previous plan period — a resource-allocation signal as much as a target.

The examination plan is the operational half. Its goal is that by 2030 a first-class examination institution with Chinese characteristics and world standards is basically established, with a maturing system, better quality, stronger support for development and globally leading capability.

Patent examination: emerging fields first

The patent side carries five deployments. It will strengthen alignment between China’s patent legal system and high-standard trade rules such as CPTPP; promptly improve examination standards for big data, artificial intelligence and gene technology; study and improve standards for bio-breeding and green low-carbon fields; improve the examination mechanism for traditional Chinese medicine patents; and establish an “AI plus” examination management mechanism.

For an applicant, substantive standards are moving, not only procedure; a specification drafted to current practice may need revisiting.

Seven special projects

The plan sets seven special projects, among them one on patent examination rules for emerging fields, one on trademark examination quality and one on “AI plus” examination.

The emerging-fields project lists the work to watch: the definition of a person skilled in the art and the scope of prior art for AI-assisted inventions; the inventor identity and patentability of AI-generated inventions; a declaration system for AI use in applications; improved policy for standard essential patents; and protection objects for virtual and augmented reality designs, with rules for graphical user interfaces to be adjusted in due course.

Every verb there is study, improve or adjust — none is a commitment to a date.

Trademarks: bad faith and penetrative supervision

The plan meets trademark registration demand from emerging fields including artificial intelligence and virtual reality, and explores pre-examination of applications there. It deepens treatment of deceptive trademarks, including ex officio invalidation of registered marks, strengthens systematic regulation of bad-faith filings, advances penetrative supervision of applicants and improves coordinated governance of bad-faith agency.

For a foreign brand owner the object of supervision becomes the filing chain, not the filing; monitoring, opposition and invalidation remain the tools.

International cooperation

The plan covers consultation under the WIPO framework, work through the five offices of China, the United States, Europe and Japan and the BRICS mechanism, and cooperation on examination, informatisation and training with Belt and Road partners.

Three lines for a foreign R&D centre

First, emerging-field standards. Where a portfolio rests on AI, big data or gene technology, drafting should leave room for a revised definition of the skilled person and a wider prior-art scope.

Second, designs. If GUI, VR or AR protection matters, submission rules are the point to watch and a design inventory is the preparation.

Third, standards. Where the company contributes to standards, examination policy for standard essential patents and FRAND practice should be tracked together.

The plan also calls for public training on foreign patent examination policy and information sharing — a resource for foreign companies in China, not an obligation.

What the plan does not promise

No new application channel is created. No grant period is promised. No category is said to be examined faster. Where the plan says study or explore, the rule has not changed yet.

Practical steps

  • Audit the portfolio for technical contribution rather than count.
  • For AI-related filings, prepare inventor attribution and a use declaration in advance.
  • List GUI and design assets, and track the submission rules for each.
  • Monitor trademark filings and keep an opposition and invalidation calendar.
  • For standards work, align the patent and FRAND positions before contributing.
  • Use the public training and information-sharing channels on examination policy.

Outlook

The plans describe a system that examines fewer things more carefully. For a foreign R&D centre the question is not whether filings become easier, but whether the portfolio can be explained in terms of technical contribution.

Sources

  • 国家知识产权局·《专利和商标审查”十五五”规划》印发：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/art/2026/11/3/art_53_208900.html
  • 中国政府网·《知识产权保护和运用”十五五”规划》：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 国家知识产权局：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/
  • 国家知识产权局·知识产权保护与运用政策专栏：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/

知识产权两个”十五五”规划：外资研发中心要看的三个方向

概述

2026 年 11 月初，两份知识产权五年规划先后发布。国务院印发《知识产权保护和运用”十五五”规划》；2026 年 11 月 3 日，国家知识产权局印发《专利和商标审查”十五五”规划》。

两份都是方向性文件。它们不设申报窗口、不设名额、不设新的门槛，设定的是到 2030 年审查实践要走的方向。这也正是它们值得在配套规则出台之前先读一遍的原因。

需要先说明一点：规划不是法规。规划里写的”研究””探索””完善”，在转化为审查指南、部门规章或公告之前，不会改变当下某一类申请的实际审查结果。把它当作”即将生效的新规”来排期，容易高估短期影响；把它当作”未来五年的资源配置说明书”来读，判断会更稳。

两份规划的关系也需要分清。国务院规划管的是”保护与运用”，回答制度要往哪儿走；审查规划管的是”审查”，回答专利与商标在窗口那一端怎么被看。前者影响企业为什么申请，后者影响申请怎么写。

两份规划，一个方向

国务院规划锚定建设中国特色、世界水平的知识产权强国。到 2030 年，知识产权综合实力和国际竞争力进一步增强，保护更加有力、市场价值更加彰显、公共服务更加优质、综合管理体制更加高效、国际合作更加深入，知识产权强国建设取得决定性进展。

其核心预期性指标是：每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量超过 22 件，较”十四五”末增长 6 件以上。这类指标既是目标，也是资源配置信号——审查资源与评价导向会向”高价值”倾斜。

审查规划是操作层面的那一半。目标是到 2030 年，具有中国特色、世界水平的一流专利商标审查机构基本建成，审查制度日趋完善，审查质量显著提升，支撑发展更加有力，国际合作持续深化，审查能力全球领先。

专利审查：新兴领域先行

专利一侧有五项具体部署。加强中国专利法律制度与 CPTPP 等国际高标准经贸规则的衔接；及时完善大数据、人工智能、基因技术等新兴领域专利审查标准；研究完善生物育种、绿色低碳等重点领域专利审查标准；完善中医药专利审查机制；建立”人工智能+”审查业务管理机制。

对申请人而言，有用的读法是：变化落在实体标准上，而不只是程序上。按当下实践撰写的说明书，在这几个领域的标准完善之后可能需要回看。撰写的预留空间，比事后补救便宜。

具体到操作，可以在三个地方预留：一是权利要求的层次，独立权利要求写得过窄，标准调整后很难通过分案或修改补回范围；二是说明书中对技术效果的记载，标准一旦强调某类效果，缺少记载的部分无法后补；三是实施例的数量与分布，覆盖不足的实施例在审查趋严时会成为短板。

七个专项工程

规划设 7 个专项工程，其中包括新兴领域专利审查规则完善工程、商标审查质量提升工程、”人工智能+”审查工程等。

新兴领域工程列出了最受关注的一组工作：研究人工智能辅助发明的本领域技术人员定义与现有技术范围；研究人工智能生成发明的发明人身份和可专利性；研究专利申请中的人工智能使用声明制度；完善标准必要专利审查政策；研究虚拟现实、增强现实等数字领域外观设计保护客体，适时调整图形用户界面提交规则。

这一串动作的动词都是”研究””完善””调整”。它们不构成对时间表或结果的承诺。

专项工程的意义在于资源投向。列进工程的事项，通常会先有课题、再有指南、最后才是规则文本；对企业的含义是：这些领域的审查实践会在未来几年内持续变化，一次性的应对不够，需要有跟踪机制。

商标：恶意申请与穿透式监管

商标一侧，规划回应新兴领域的商标注册需求，探索研究人工智能、虚拟现实等领域对商标注册的需求，探索开展新兴领域商标注册申请预核；深化对带有欺骗性的商标治理，对已注册的依职权宣告无效；加强对恶意申请商标注册行为的系统规制，推进商标申请行为主体穿透式监管；加强对商标代理机构恶意代理行为的协同治理。

对外资品牌权利人来说，方向是把”申请链条”而不只是”申请”作为监管对象。监控、异议、无效仍是实务工具，变化的是这些工具所处的执法环境。

穿透式监管的含义值得单独说一句：监管关注的不只是提交了什么，还包括谁在提交、代理机构在其中扮演什么角色。对品牌方而言，这意味着选择代理机构也需要纳入合规评估，而不只是比价。

国际合作

规划提出做好 WIPO 框架下审查业务议题磋商；推动中美欧日韩知识产权五局、金砖国家等合作机制在国际规则形成中发挥作用；与共建”一带一路”国家和地区开展审查、信息化与培训合作。

对在中国有研发或品牌布局的企业，这些机制的实际用途是判断海外申请的优先顺序：五局与金砖机制覆盖的辖区，审查实践的可比性更高，先在这些辖区布局再向外延伸，通常比平均用力更省预算。

外资研发中心的三条线

第一条是新兴领域标准。组合以人工智能、大数据或基因技术为基础的，撰写时要为”本领域技术人员”定义的调整与现有技术范围的扩大留出余地。

第二条是外观设计。图形用户界面、虚拟现实与增强现实的保护如果有意义，提交规则就是观察点，设计清单就是准备工作。

第三条是标准。企业参与标准制定的，标准必要专利审查政策与 FRAND（公平、合理、无歧视）实务要放在一起跟踪，而不是分开处理。

三条线的共同点是都需要提前准备，而不是等规则落地再动。新兴领域标准的调整会改变撰写要求，外观设计提交规则会改变申请材料，标准必要专利政策会改变许可谈判的筹码。三者都不是一年内能补上的工作。

还有一条是培训。规划要求加强国外专利审查政策公共培训及信息共享，强化海外布局能力。对中国境内的外资企业来说，这是可用资源，不是新增义务。

规划没有承诺什么

没有新设申请通道，没有承诺授权周期，也没有说某一类申请会审得更快。规划写”研究””探索”的地方，规则尚未改变。

这一条对内部沟通很重要。把方向性表述转述成”明年会更快”，会在预算与排期上造成误判；把它转述成”审查会更看重技术贡献”，才是可执行的判断。

同样需要克制的，是把”探索开展新兴领域商标注册申请预核”读成”已经可以预核”。规划用”探索”，意味着机制尚在设计中，企业按现有程序准备材料即可，不必为此调整申请节奏。

操作清单

  • 按技术贡献而非数量梳理专利组合，与高价值指标的导向对齐。
  • 人工智能相关申请，提前准备发明人署名与使用声明材料。
  • 梳理图形用户界面与外观设计资产清单，逐项跟踪提交规则。
  • 建立商标监控，维护异议与无效的时间日历。
  • 参与标准制定的，在提交贡献前统一专利与 FRAND 立场。
  • 用好审查政策公共培训与信息共享渠道。

清单的第一项最难落地，因为它要求回答”这件专利解决了什么技术问题”，而不是”今年申请了多少件”。答不上来的部分，往往就是组合里价值最低的部分。

清单也建议按主体拆分：研发负责技术贡献的说明，法务负责权利要求的层次与地域布局，品牌与市场负责商标监控。合并成一张表时，最容易暴露的是”没有人负责”的那一项。

最后一条容易被当成软性建议。但培训与信息共享恰恰是外资企业成本最低的抓手：审查政策的变化通常先在培训与通报中出现，早一步知道，就少一次返工。

展望

两份规划描述的是一个”审得更少、审得更细”的体系。对外资研发中心而言，规划要回答的问题不是申请会不会更容易，而是组合能不能用技术贡献讲清楚。

这个判断对预算有直接影响：把资源从”多申请”转向”把关键申请写扎实”，短期件数会下降，但面对审查趋严时的稳定性会提高。对以数量考核的团队，这需要提前调整考核口径，否则规划的方向与内部激励会互相抵消。

来源

  • 国家知识产权局·《专利和商标审查”十五五”规划》印发：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/art/2026/11/3/art_53_208900.html
  • 中国政府网·《知识产权保护和运用”十五五”规划》：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 国家知识产权局：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/
  • 国家知识产权局·知识产权保护与运用政策专栏：https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/
Greater Bay Area / 大湾区, Setup Process / 设立流程

The Bay Area Registration Zone: Online Incorporation for Hong Kong and Macao Investors

  • Guangdong launched the Bay Area Registration online service zone on 27 October 2026 for Hong Kong and Macao investors entering the nine mainland cities.
    2026 年 10 月 27 日，广东上线”湾区注册线上服务专区”，服务港澳投资者赴大湾区内地九市投资准入。
  • Notarial Document Digitisation now covers Macao instruments, the first such arrangement in the country.
    公证文书电子化流转现已覆盖澳门文书，这在全国尚属首次。
  • Remote Identity Verification works through a handwritten signature submitted online, facial recognition, or a lawyer or notary acting under authorisation.
    跨境身份核验可通过”手写签名 + 线上提交”、刷脸认证，或授权委托律师、公证员代为认证完成。
  • The zone embeds intelligent pre-review and a three-place company search, so filing, verification, real-name authentication, signing and archiving run electronically.
    专区嵌入智能预审与三地企业信息查询，使申报、核验、实名、签名、归档全流程电子化。
  • The zone serves Hong Kong and Macao investors only; other jurisdictions still follow notarisation and legalisation routes.
    专区只服务港澳投资者，其他司法辖区的投资者仍需走公证认证与纸质流转。
  • At the end of September 2026 Guangdong had 106,000 Hong Kong-invested and 15,000 Macao-invested enterprises, 55 per cent of the province’s foreign-invested legal persons.
    截至 2026 年 9 月末，广东登记在册港资企业 10.6 万户、澳资企业 1.5 万户，占全省外资法人企业的 55%。

The Bay Area Registration Zone: Online Incorporation for Hong Kong and Macao Investors | 湾区注册线上服务专区：港澳投资者如何在内地九市全程在线设立企业

Overview

On 27 October 2026 the Guangdong Provincial Administration for Market Regulation launched the Bay Area Registration online service zone, co-organised by the Commercial Service Bureau of the Hengqin Guangdong-Macao Deep Cooperation Zone. The zone sits on the Guangdong Government Service Network and handles market entry registration for Hong Kong and Macao investors establishing entities in the nine mainland cities of the Greater Bay Area. The service is paperless and runs end to end online.

The landing page carries an application entry point, a process walkthrough, a signing guide with video instructions, and zone news.

One boundary belongs at the top: the zone is built for Hong Kong and Macao investors, not for investors from other jurisdictions.

Three capabilities

Notarial document digitisation. Building on an earlier arrangement for Hong Kong notarial instruments, the zone is the first in the country to digitise the circulation of Macao notarial documents, so verification is paperless.

Remote identity verification. The zone introduces a model of a handwritten signature submitted online, widens identity verification channels, and supports facial recognition for Hong Kong and Macao residents, or verification through a lawyer or a notary acting under a power of attorney.

A rebuilt workflow. An intelligent pre-review mechanism and a company information search covering the three places are embedded, so that filing, verification, real-name authentication, signing and archiving all happen electronically.

The platform and the first licences

On the same day the administration opened the Bay Area soft-connectivity advisory platform in Hengqin, run through the cooperation zone’s commercial service bureau, to advise on market access policy. On the launch day, the first Hong Kong-invested and Macao-invested enterprises registered through the zone received their business licences.

How three bottlenecks fell

The history shows which steps were the obstacle. The notarial bundle went from 60 pages to four. A model combining facial recognition with signature by an authorised notary was introduced. In 2025 Hengqin and China Legal Service (Macao) set up an electronic verification mechanism for notarial documents in commercial registration, cutting processing time by more than four days.

Three bottlenecks recur in cross-border incorporation: the notarial document, the signature and the identity check. Each required a person or a paper to cross a border. Digitising the document removes the paper; a signature submitted online removes the trip to the counter; facial recognition removes the appearance in person.

What it changes for a holding structure

A group using a Hong Kong or Macao company as its investment platform meets three points of friction in a fixed order: the notarial document proves who the shareholder is, the signature proves who signed, and the identity check proves the signer is the person named.

Digitising the first does not merely save postage. A notarial document that circulates electronically can be verified at the moment of filing rather than in a batch, which is what makes pre-review possible at all.

The second changes who can sign without travelling. Where a director of the holding company is not in Guangdong, a handwritten signature uploaded online, or a notary under a power of attorney, replaces a flight. The authority document becomes the operative paper, and its scope is what a reviewer tests.

The third changes what evidence of identity looks like: facial recognition is a channel, not a substitute for the corporate documents.

The base it builds on

At the end of September 2026, Guangdong had 106,000 Hong Kong-invested enterprises and 15,000 Macao-invested enterprises on the register, together 55 per cent of the province’s foreign-invested legal persons.

That base explains the sequence: volume justifies investment in document interoperability, and proximity of the legal systems makes a verification mechanism negotiable.

What it does not settle

The zone removes friction in registration. It does not shorten the substantive obligations that follow — the foreign investment information report, the business scope and the beneficial owner filing. Those remain, with their own deadlines.

Nor does it publish a uniform completion time. A service that is faster in the ordinary case is not a service with a guaranteed clock; a project plan should not assume one.

The jurisdictional boundary is the other limit. A company incorporated in a third country cannot use the zone; notarisation and legalisation still apply, and documents still travel on paper. A group holding its China platform through a Singapore or Cayman entity should read this as a signal about structure.

Practical steps

  • Confirm the investor’s jurisdiction: a Hong Kong or Macao company can use the zone; a company incorporated elsewhere cannot.
  • Collect identity documents for every shareholder and signatory, and check the name forms against the notarial document; a mismatch is the commonest cause of a return.
  • If a power of attorney is used, name the lawyer or notary, the act authorised and the period; an authority silent on scope invites questions.
  • Keep the electronic archive: the same record is what a bank or a tax bureau will later ask for.
  • Sequence tax registration, the bank account and foreign exchange registration as one timeline; the licence starts several clocks at once.

Outlook

Expect the zone to widen its document coverage and to add guidance for sectors with specific approval requirements. For a group using a Hong Kong or Macao holding company as its China platform, the gain is narrow and real: the first step no longer needs a courier.

Sources

  • 广东省市场监督管理局·”湾区注册线上服务专区”上线新闻发布：https://amr.gd.gov.cn/zwdt/xwfbt/content/post_4971413.html
  • 广东省人民政府门户·大湾区注册服务专区相关报道：https://www.gd.gov.cn/gdywdt/zwzt/ygadwq/rlt/content/post_4972071.html
  • 横琴粤澳深度合作区·商事服务与注册便利化动态：https://www.hengqin.gov.cn/macao_zh_hans/hzqgl/dtyw/dtxx/content/post_3954787.html
  • 横琴粤澳深度合作区·商事登记公证核验全程电子化机制说明：https://www.hengqin.gov.cn/macao_zh_hans/hzqgl/dtyw/dtxx/content/post_3954787.html

湾区注册线上服务专区：港澳投资者如何在内地九市全程在线设立企业

概述

2026 年 10 月 27 日，广东省市场监督管理局上线”湾区注册线上服务专区”，横琴粤澳深度合作区商事服务局承办。专区设在广东政务服务网，为香港、澳门投资者赴大湾区内地九市投资准入办理登记注册，全程在线、无纸化。

专区首页设有业务办理入口与流程说明、操作指南与实名签名指引视频，以及湾区动态资讯等模块。

有一条边界要先说清楚：专区是为港澳投资者建的，不是其他司法辖区投资者可以使用的通道。

三项核心能力

公证文书电子化流转。 在落地香港公证文书电子化流转的基础上，专区在全国率先实现澳门公证文书电子化流转，核验全程无纸化。

跨境电子签名。 专区创新推出”手写签名 + 线上提交”模式，拓展身份核验渠道，支持港澳人士刷脸认证，也可以通过授权委托律师、公证员代为认证。

重塑登记流程。 专区嵌入智能预审机制与三地企业信息查询功能，申报、核验、实名、签名、归档全流程电子化。

配套平台与首批执照

同一天，广东省市场监督管理局大湾区软联通咨询服务工作平台（横琴）落地，依托横琴粤澳深度合作区商事服务局，提供市场准入政策咨询。上线当天，首批通过专区办理登记的港资、澳资企业获颁营业执照。

三道卡点是怎么被打通的

沿革能说明哪一步才是真正的障碍。公证文书从 60 页精简到 4 页；首创”人脸识别 + 委托公证人代理签名”模式；2025 年，横琴与中国法律服务（澳门）公司建立”商事登记公证核验全程电子化”服务机制，办理时间较此前压缩 4 天以上。

跨境设立企业，反复出现的卡点只有三个：公证文书、签名、身份核验。每一个都要求一个人或一张纸跨过边境。文书电子化拿掉了纸；手写签名线上提交，让人不必跑到窗口；刷脸认证，让人不必本人到场。

对持股架构意味着什么

以香港或澳门公司作为投资平台进入内地的集团，会按固定顺序遇到同样的三处摩擦：公证文书证明股东是谁，签名证明是谁签的，身份核验证明签名的人就是文书上的那个人。

第一项电子化，省下的不只是邮费。能够电子流转的公证文书，可以在申报的当下核验，而不是成批核验——这正是智能预审得以成立的前提。

第二项改变的是”谁可以不飞过来签字”。当持股公司的董事不在广东，线上提交的手写签名，或受托公证员的签名，替代了一趟航班。授权文本因此成为关键文件，审查要看的正是它的授权范围。

第三项改变的是身份证据的形态：刷脸是一条渠道，不是公司文件的替代品。

它建立在什么基础上

截至 2026 年 9 月末，广东全省登记在册港资企业 10.6 万户、澳资企业 1.5 万户，合计占全省外资法人企业比重的 55%。

这个存量解释了推进的顺序：体量足以支撑文书互通的投入，法律制度的接近程度则使核验机制谈得下来。

它没有解决什么

专区去掉的是登记环节的摩擦。它没有缩短其后的实体义务——外商投资信息报告、经营范围、受益所有人备案。这些仍然要做，各有各的时限。

专区也没有公布统一的办结时限。通常情况下更快，不等于有承诺的时钟；项目计划不应假定一个。

辖区的边界是另一重限制。在第三国设立的公司用不了专区，公证认证的老路仍然有效，文件仍然要纸质流转。以新加坡或开曼实体持有中国平台的集团，应当把它读成关于架构的信号。

落地步骤

  • 先确认投资者的辖区：香港、澳门公司可以用专区，在其他地方设立的公司不能。
  • 收集每一位股东、每一位签署人的身份文件，并把姓名写法与公证文书逐一核对；不一致是退件最常见的原因。
  • 使用授权委托时，写明受托律师或公证员、授权事项与授权期间；对范围含糊的授权，一定会被追问。
  • 保留电子档案：日后银行与税务机关要看的，是同一份记录。
  • 把税务登记、银行开户、外汇登记排成一条时间线，因为营业执照会同时启动好几个计时。

展望

可以预期专区会扩大文书类型的覆盖范围，并针对有专项审批要求的行业补充指引。对以香港或澳门控股公司作为中国平台的集团，实际收益不大但很实在：第一步不再需要快递。

来源

  • 广东省市场监督管理局·”湾区注册线上服务专区”上线新闻发布：https://amr.gd.gov.cn/zwdt/xwfbt/content/post_4971413.html
  • 广东省人民政府门户·大湾区注册服务专区相关报道：https://www.gd.gov.cn/gdywdt/zwzt/ygadwq/rlt/content/post_4972071.html
  • 横琴粤澳深度合作区·商事服务与注册便利化动态：https://www.hengqin.gov.cn/macao_zh_hans/hzqgl/dtyw/dtxx/content/post_3954787.html
  • 横琴粤澳深度合作区·商事登记公证核验全程电子化机制说明：https://www.hengqin.gov.cn/macao_zh_hans/hzqgl/dtyw/dtxx/content/post_3954787.html
Financial License / 金融牌照, Healthcare & Pharma / 医药医疗

Shipping Insurance Guidance: What Seven Ministries Set Out for Cover, Clauses and Pricing

  • Seven ministries released the Guidance on Accelerating the High-Quality Development of Shipping Insurance on 6 November 2026.
    2026 年 11 月 6 日，七部委联合印发《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》。
  • The document sets five tasks: stronger cover, a more competitive market, better claims, stricter supervision and a sounder operating environment.
    文件提出五方面任务：提升保障水平、增强国际竞争力、优化理赔服务、推进严监管强监管、健全运行机制。
  • It calls for developing Standard Clauses for Shipping Insurance, expanding the use of the renminbi and strengthening independent pricing capability.
    文件提出制定航运保险标准条款、扩大人民币使用、提升自主定价能力。
  • Insurers are encouraged to pursue Risk Reduction and to build a Global Service Network for cross-border claims.
    文件鼓励保险机构开展风险减量，并加强全球综合服务网络建设。
  • High-value vessels and offshore equipment should carry cover across design, construction, operation and disposal.
    高价值船舶与海工装备应建立覆盖设计、建造、营运、处置等全生命周期的保险方案。
  • Geopolitical conflict, supply chain interruption, cyber security and ice navigation are named as priorities for product development.
    地缘政治冲突、供应链中断、网络安全、冰区航行被列为产品研发的重点方向。

Shipping Insurance Guidance: What Seven Ministries Set Out for Cover, Clauses and Pricing | 航运保险指导意见：七部委在保障、条款与定价上说了什么

Overview

On 6 November 2026 seven central departments jointly released the Guidance on Accelerating the High-Quality Development of Shipping Insurance: the National Financial Regulatory Administration, the Ministry of Transport, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the People’s Bank of China and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.

The document is a guidance opinion. It sets a direction, lists tasks and assigns them to regulators and to the industry. It opens no application window, creates no licence and attaches no subsidy to a named activity. Read as a statement of where the market is heading — standard clauses, renminbi denomination, independent pricing — it tells a company how to align its programme.

What kind of document this is

Policy instruments are graded, and the grade decides what a company can do with the text. A catalogue or a negative list changes what is permitted; a guidance opinion does not. It sets an objective, lists tasks, and leaves the operative rules to the regulators who must draft them.

The distinction matters for three items — standard clauses, renminbi use and independent pricing. Each is written as something to be developed, not as something in force. Until the clauses are issued, the terms of a policy remain the terms the parties negotiate.

The five tasks in brief

Cover. A risk management system across a vessel’s whole life, a better mechanism for cargo in transit, and a larger supply of capacity.

Market and competitiveness. Develop standard clauses, expand renminbi use, strengthen independent pricing capability and deepen exchanges with foreign markets.

Claims. Better quality and efficiency, encouragement of risk reduction, and a global service network that lifts the standard of service abroad.

Supervision. Product management rules, conduct rules for brokers, and clearer responsibility for risk control inside insurers.

Environment. Support mechanisms, a crackdown on irrational competition, and a training system.

Together, the headings describe a market that prices its own risks rather than imports a price.

Clauses, currency and pricing

Standard clauses matter because a marine policy is assembled from clauses, and a clause recognised by both the insurer and the reinsurer behind it is easier to place. Where wording is standardised, a dispute becomes a dispute about facts.

Renminbi use matters because a shipping company’s revenue and a manufacturer’s freight cost are increasingly denominated in renminbi while the cover is not. A policy written in the settlement currency removes one basis risk from the hedge.

Independent pricing matters because a market that can price its own risks can also retain them. The guidance pairs pricing capability with retained capacity: insurers and the China Shipowners Mutual Assurance Association are asked to raise retained limits.

Cover across an asset’s life

Shipbuilders and shipping companies are asked to use insurance tools actively to disperse risk as they pursue greener and more digital operations, and to use the ship survey and evaluation mechanism to build programmes covering design, construction, operation and disposal for high-value vessels and offshore equipment. The list is specific: oil tankers, liquefied natural gas carriers, large container ships, large cruise ships, large bulk and ore carriers, and yachts.

For a company importing or building such an asset in China, the practical change is the unit of cover. A cargo policy covers a voyage; a lifecycle programme covers a shipyard delay, a construction period, a delivery voyage, an operating loss and a disposal. The gaps between those policies are where uninsured losses live.

The new risk list

New energy and clean energy vessels are to be supported with cover along the industrial chain — green fuel bunkering, battery system replacement, green retrofit and operational safety. Smart ships with autonomous navigation and remote control are to strengthen cover for emerging risks such as cyber security.

The document then names what a basic cargo policy does not reach: geopolitical conflict, logistics and supply chain interruption, cyber security, and ice navigation. It asks the market to optimise products for these in response to demand, and to speed up development for cross-border e-commerce and commodities.

What it means for pharmaceutical and cold-chain shippers

A pharmaceutical importer’s exposure is usually not the hull but the container. Temperature deviation, a broken cold chain, a delay at a transhipment port — these are cargo risks with a liability question attached, and the emphasis on claims and risk reduction speaks to them.

Two cautions apply. The standard clauses are being developed, not issued, so a contract today still rests on negotiated terms and on the actual policy wording. And the guidance does not address pharmaceutical market access: hospital investment, drug registration and device approval are separate regimes.

Practical steps

  • Read the programme as a chain — cargo, construction, installation, trial operation, operating loss, disposal — and mark where one policy ends and the next begins.
  • Ask where retained capacity sits and how much risk is ceded; a low premium behind a thin reinsurance tower is a price, not cover.
  • Align the insurance schedule with the customs and installation schedule; a week between discharge and installation is uninsured.
  • Match the currency of the policy to the currency of the loss; a renminbi policy and a dollar claim leave an unhedged exposure.
  • Keep the evidence chain for a cross-border claim: survey report, temperature log, notice of loss, and the letters showing when the carrier was told.

Outlook

Expect implementing rules on product management and broker conduct, and industry work on the standard clauses.

Sources

  • 国家金融监督管理总局·七部委《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》新闻稿：https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1278246
  • 商务部·七部委联合印发《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/syxwfb/art/2026/art_59e15dddb16b49559d6cc9253377493a.html
  • 国家金融监督管理总局·《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》全文：https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1278317&itemId=928
  • 中国政府网·国务院政策文件库：https://www.gov.cn/

航运保险指导意见：七部委在保障、条款与定价上说了什么

概述

2026 年 11 月 6 日，七部委联合印发《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》。印发单位为金融监管总局、交通运输部、国家发展改革委、财政部、商务部、中国人民银行、国务院国资委。

这是一份指导意见。它讲方向、列任务，把任务分派给监管部门和行业。它没有开放申报窗口，没有创设许可类别，也没有把补贴绑定到某一项具体活动上。如果把它读成”可以来申请优惠”，会发现没有表格可填；如果把它读成”市场往哪里走”的说明——标准条款、人民币计价、自主定价——那它现在就能告诉我们，应当怎样把自身的保险安排往这个方向对齐。

这是一份什么性质的文件

政策工具是分层的，层级决定了企业能拿这份文本做什么。目录、负面清单这类工具改变的是”允许做什么”，指导意见不改变这些。它设定目标、列出任务，把可执行的规则留给必须起草细则的监管部门。

这一区分对三项有商业分量的内容最关键——标准条款、人民币使用、自主定价。三者都写成”要制定””要扩大””要提升”，而不是”已经生效”。在条款起草发布之前，一份保单的条款仍然是双方谈出来的条款。

五方面任务概要

保障。 健全船舶全生命周期风险管理体系，完善货物运输风险保障机制，扩大航运保险保障供给。

市场与竞争力。 制定航运保险标准条款，扩大人民币使用，提升自主定价能力，深化对外交流合作。

理赔。 改进理赔服务质效，鼓励风险减量，加强全球综合服务网络建设，提升全球服务水平。

监管。 完善航运保险产品管理机制，规范航运保险经纪行为，严格落实监管职责，压实企业风险防控主体责任。

环境。 优化业务支持机制，整治非理性竞争，健全人才培养体系，细化配套支持政策。

五个方面合起来，描述的是一张自己给自己的风险定价、而不是进口一个价格的市场。

条款、币种与定价

标准条款之所以重要，是因为海上保单是由一条条条款拼装起来的文件，而一条同时被保险人和其背后的再保险人认得的条款，更容易分出。措辞一旦标准化，争议就从”这句话什么意思”变成”事实是什么”。

人民币使用之所以重要，是因为航运公司的收入与制造企业的运费正越来越多地以人民币计价，而保单不是。用结算币种书写的保单，从对冲里去掉了一重基差风险。

自主定价之所以重要，是因为能给自己风险定价的市场，也就能把风险留在自己手里。文件把定价能力与自留能力放在一起：推动保险公司与中国船东互保协会合理提升自留风险额度。

覆盖资产全生命周期

文件要求船舶制造企业、航运企业在推动绿色化、数智化发展的过程中，主动运用保险工具分散风险；要求充分利用船检评估机制，推动高价值船舶与海工装备健全覆盖设计、建造、营运、处置等全生命周期的保险管理方案。列举的船型是具体的：油轮、液化天然气船、大型集装箱船、大型邮轮、大型散矿船、游艇。

对在中国进口或建造这类资产的企业，实际变化是”保障单位”。一张货运险保单保的是一段航程；一套全生命周期方案保的是船厂延期、建造期、交付航程、营运损失与处置。这些保单之间的缝隙，正是没有保险的损失所在。

新的风险清单

新能源清洁能源船舶，要提升对绿色燃料加注、电池系统更换、绿色改装、运营安全等相关产业链的保险保障水平。具备自主航行、远程控制能力的智能船舶，要强化网络安全等新兴风险保障。

文件随后点出了基本货运险够不到的风险：地缘政治冲突、物流和供应链中断、网络安全、冰区航行。它要求市场响应需求、优化这些特殊和新型风险的产品供给，并加快跨境电商等新业态及大宗商品等重点领域的保险产品研发推广。

对医药与冷链货主意味着什么

医药进口方的暴露通常不在船壳，而在集装箱。温控偏差、冷链断链、转运港延误——这些是货物风险，同时挂着一个责任问题；文件对理赔质量和风险减量的强调，正对着这些场景。

两点需要提醒。标准条款正在制定、尚未发布，所以今天的合同仍要靠谈出来的条款和保单实际措辞。另外，文件不涉及医药市场准入：医院投资、药品注册、器械审批是另外的制度。

落地步骤

  • 把保险安排当链条读：货运、建造、安装、试运行、营运损失、处置，并标出上一张保单在哪里结束、下一张从哪里开始。
  • 向经纪人问清自留能力放在哪里、分出了多少风险；保费便宜而再保层级单薄，那是一个价格，不是一份保障。
  • 大型设备进口时，把保险排期与报关、安装排期对齐；卸船到安装之间空出的一周，就是没有保险的一周。
  • 让保单币种与损失币种一致；人民币保单配美元索赔，会留下一重没有对冲的折算暴露。
  • 跨境索赔留好证据链：检验报告、温度记录、损失通知，以及能够证明何时已告知承运人的往来函件。

展望

可以预期监管部门会就产品管理与经纪行为出台实施细则，行业层面会推进标准条款的起草。方向已经足够清晰，可以据此规划。

来源

  • 国家金融监督管理总局·七部委《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》新闻稿：https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1278246
  • 商务部·七部委联合印发《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/syxwfb/art/2026/art_59e15dddb16b49559d6cc9253377493a.html
  • 国家金融监督管理总局·《关于加快航运保险高质量发展的指导意见》全文：https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1278317&itemId=928
  • 中国政府网·国务院政策文件库：https://www.gov.cn/
Visa-Free Transit / 过境免签, Work Visa / 工作签证

APEC Business Travel Card: China Extends the Maximum Stay to 90 Days

  • China has extended the maximum stay for APEC Business Travel Card holders from 60 days to 90 days, effective 1 November 2026.
    中国将亚太经合组织商务旅行卡持卡人在华最长停留期由 60 天延长至 90 天，自 2026 年 11 月 1 日起实施。
  • The additional 30 days matter most for business visitors who need continuous on-site work such as factory audits, supplier verification, project commissioning and joint-venture negotiation.
    新增的 30 天，对那些需要连续驻场作业的商务来访者最有价值，例如工厂验厂、供应商审核、项目调试与合资谈判。
  • The card is a multiple entry facilitation for short business travel and does not replace a work permit.
    该卡是面向短期商务往来的多次入境便利安排，不替代工作许可。
  • Ninety days is a maximum, not an automatic grant on every entry.
    90 天是上限，并非每次入境都自动给满。
  • Detailed execution, including which documents are checked at the border, remains subject to the on-site requirements of the exit-entry authorities.
    具体执行细节，包括口岸查验哪些材料，仍以出入境管理部门的现场要求为准。
  • Companies should rebuild travel calendars around the new ceiling and review employment and social insurance treatment for longer postings.
    企业应围绕新的上限重排出差日历，并复核长驻期间的用工与社保口径。

APEC Business Travel Card: China Extends the Maximum Stay to 90 Days | 亚太经合组织商务旅行卡：在华最长停留期延长至 90 天

Overview

From 1 November 2026, a holder of the APEC Business Travel Card may stay in China for up to 90 days per entry, up from 60 days. The change was announced by the National Immigration Administration as a measure to keep business travel across the Asia-Pacific region moving.

That is the whole of the announcement. It contains no list of participating economies, no schedule of ports, and no documentary checklist. This article therefore treats the 30-day increase as what it is — a change to one number inside a card regime that already exists — and sets out what that number does and does not buy.

What changed

One parameter moved: the ceiling on the length of a single stay. Everything else about the card — who may hold one, how it is issued, what it is used for — is untouched by this announcement.

For a traveller the arithmetic is simple. A trip that previously required a border exit and re-entry at day 60, or a switch into another visa category, can now run to day 90. For a company the same arithmetic applies to schedules: the mid-assignment visa run, with its flights, its handover days and its uncertainty, becomes avoidable in a defined band of cases.

Who benefits most

The value of the extra month is not spread evenly. It accrues to work that cannot be compressed into short visits.

Factory audits and supplier verification. A full audit of a new supplier — document review, line observation, worker interviews, discussion of corrective actions — rarely fits a fortnight. Where findings require a return visit, the old 60-day ceiling imposed a rhythm set by immigration rather than by the production calendar.

Project commissioning. Installing equipment, then running acceptance tests, is a sequence with its own duration. An engineer who must leave at day 60 and come back later adds a handover cost that no project plan accounts for.

Joint-venture negotiation. Talks that proceed in rounds benefit from continuity — the same people in the same room. A longer single stay lets a team finish a round before rotating out.

Multi-site programmes. A regional manager visiting three or four plants in one trip is constrained by the total length of the stay, not by the number of sites.

Warranty support during ramp-up. The months after a line starts running produce the densest sequence of site visits, because problems surface in the order production reaches them. A team that can stay through the ramp-up closes issues while the evidence is fresh.

In each case the gain is not only the extra days; it is the removal of a forced interruption.

The boundary with work permits

The card is a travel facilitation. It is not a work authorisation, and extending the stay does not change that.

A holder who comes to China to attend meetings, inspect a facility, audit a supplier, negotiate or supervise a project is doing what the card is for. A holder who comes to take up a position inside a Chinese entity — local employment contract, local payroll, a reporting line — is in a different category. The answer there is a work permit and the corresponding residence permit, not a longer stay on a card.

The distinction matters more, not less, once the ceiling rises. A 90-day window makes it easier to keep one person on site for a full quarter, and easier still to drift into treating that person as staff. The test is not the length of the stay but the substance of the relationship: who bears the cost, who directs the work, who pays. A company that uses the extra 30 days to postpone a work permit application has not found a shortcut; it has created an exposure.

How it compares with the other tools

Three instruments are often confused because all three let a person enter without a conventional visa application.

InstrumentTypical useWhat it provides
APEC Business Travel CardRepeat short business trips by eligible holdersMultiple entry convenience; stay now up to 90 days
240-hour visa-free transitA stopover en route to a third countryShort transit with a limited area of movement
Unilateral visa-free entryShort visits by nationals of listed countriesEntry for a permitted period and purpose

The table is a map, not a rulebook: each instrument has its own conditions, and the detail of the other two sits outside this article. What matters here is that a longer stay on the card does not turn the card into a substitute for the others, and the others are not a fallback when the card’s conditions are not met.

Practical steps

  • Rebuild the travel calendar. Where schedules were built around a 60-day ceiling, that buffer can now be released — but only if someone owns the change.
  • Set a day-count reminder. Track days per entry, not days per year. The ceiling applies to a single stay.
  • Keep the file that explains the trip. An invitation letter, a meeting schedule and a return ticket answer the question a border officer is actually asking.
  • State the purpose plainly. Meetings, audits and negotiations are what the card serves; an accurate description is faster than a careful ambiguity.
  • Review the posting. If a stay approaches the new ceiling, check whether the activity has become employment in substance, and whether payroll and social insurance treatment match.
  • Do not assume the maximum. Entry conditions are decided at the border. A 90-day ceiling is not a 90-day entitlement.

Outlook

This is a single measure, and any further detail will come from the immigration authorities rather than from the text itself. For companies with recurring Asia-Pacific travel, the sensible reading is that the card has become more useful for project-based work and no more useful for employment-based work. Plans that assume otherwise are worth revisiting before the next assignment cycle is fixed.

Related reading

  • *Fast-Track Entry for Foreign Business Visitors: Port Visas and the APEC Business Travel Card* (Article 195) — how the card is held and issued.
  • *Short-Term Work Permits and the 90-Day Boundary* (Article 338) — where a business visit ends and work authorisation begins.

Sources

  • 国家移民管理局·出入境政策发布：https://www.nia.gov.cn/
  • 中国政府网·出入境便利化政策：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 中华人民共和国驻美国大使馆·领事通知：https://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/

亚太经合组织商务旅行卡：在华最长停留期延长至 90 天

概述

自 2026 年 11 月 1 日起，亚太经合组织商务旅行卡持卡人在华停留期由每次 60 天延长至最长 90 天。这一举措由国家移民管理局发布，定位是持续便利亚太区域商务人员往来。

通稿的全部内容就是这一句。它没有给出适用经济体名单，没有给出适用口岸清单，也没有给出材料清单。因此本文把这 30 天如实地当作它本来的样子——一张既有卡片制度里某个数字的变化——并说明这个数字能带来什么、不能带来什么。

变化的具体内容

只动了一个参数：单次停留期的上限。卡片的其他方面，谁能持卡、如何签发、用于什么，本次发布均未涉及。

对出差的人，算术很简单。过去需要在第 60 天出境再入境、或者转换到另一类签证的行程，现在可以排到第 90 天。对企业，同一套算术作用在排期上：中途的”签证跑一趟”——连同机票、交接日和不确定性——在一批可以明确界定的情形里变得可以避免。

谁受益最多

多出来的一个月并非平均分配。它的价值集中在无法压缩进短差的工作上。

验厂与供应商审核。 对新供应商的完整审核——文件复核、产线观察、员工访谈、整改讨论——很少能在两周内做完。当审核结论需要回访时，旧的 60 天上限让节奏由出入境规则决定，而不是由生产日历决定。

项目调试。 设备安装之后跑验收测试，是一个自带时长的序列。工程师必须在第 60 天离境、过些时候再回来，就会多出一段任何项目计划都不会计入的交接成本。

合资谈判。 分轮推进的谈判受益于连续性——同一批人坐在同一间屋子里。单次停留更长，团队就能谈完一轮再轮换。

多厂区项目。 一位区域经理一次行程走访三四家工厂，受限的是停留总长度，而不是厂区数量。

爬坡期的质保支持。 产线开始运转之后的几个月，是现场走访最密集的阶段，因为问题会按生产推进的顺序逐一浮现。能一直留到爬坡期结束的团队，是在证据还新鲜的时候就把问题关掉。

以上每一种情形，收益都不只是多出的天数，而是消除了一次被迫中断。

与工作许可的边界

这张卡是通行便利，不是工作许可；延长停留期不改变这一点。

持卡人来华参加会议、查看设施、审核供应商、谈判或者监督项目，属于这张卡的用途范围。持卡人来华在中国境内实体任职——有本地劳动合同、本地发薪、有汇报线——属于另一类情形，答案是需要工作许可及相应居留许可，而不是在卡上多停留几天。

上限提高之后，这条界线更重要而不是更不重要。90 天的窗口让人更容易把同一个人留在现场整整一个季度，也更容易不知不觉把这个人当作员工使用。判断标准不是停留多长，而是关系的实质：谁承担费用、谁指挥工作、谁发薪。用多出的 30 天去推迟工作许可申请的企业，并没有找到捷径，而是制造了一处风险敞口。

与其他工具的区别

三种工具经常被混为一谈，因为三者都让人无需常规签证申请即可入境。

工具典型用途提供什么
亚太经合组织商务旅行卡符合条件者的多次短期商务出行多次入境便利，停留期现为最长 90 天
240 小时过境免签前往第三国途中的中转短时中转，活动范围有限
单方面免签名单所列国家公民的短期访问在许可期限与事由内入境

这张表是地图，不是规则手册：每种工具各有条件，另外两种的细节不在本文范围。此处要说清楚的是：卡上停留更长，不会让这张卡变成其他工具的替代品；其他工具也不是卡片条件不满足时的兜底。

落地步骤

  • 重排出差日历。 过去围绕 60 天上限设计的排期，缓冲可以释放——但前提是有人负责这项调整。
  • 设置天数提醒。 按”每次入境天数”计数，而不是按年度累计。上限针对单次停留。
  • 备好能解释行程的材料。 邀请函、会议安排、回程票，回答的是边检人员真正在问的那个问题。
  • 把目的说清楚。 会议、审核、谈判就是这张卡服务的事由；如实说明比刻意模糊更快。
  • 复核派驻安排。 若停留接近新上限，检查这项活动在实质上是否已构成雇佣，薪酬与社保口径是否匹配。
  • 不要把上限当成权利。 入境条件由口岸决定。90 天是天花板，不是每次都能拿满的额度。

展望

这是一项单一措施，后续细节（如果有）会由出入境管理部门发布，而不是从这段文字里推出来。对亚太区有常态化出差的企业，稳妥的读法是：这张卡对项目型工作更有用，对雇佣型工作并没有变得更有用。按相反假设制定的方案，值得在下一个派驻周期确定之前重新过一遍。

延伸阅读

  • 《外籍商务人士快速入境：口岸签证与亚太经合组织商务旅行卡》（第 195 篇）——卡片的持有与签发方式。
  • 《短期工作许可与 90 天边界》（第 338 篇）——商务访问在哪里结束、工作许可从哪里开始。

来源

  • 国家移民管理局·出入境政策发布：https://www.nia.gov.cn/
  • 中国政府网·出入境便利化政策：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 中华人民共和国驻美国大使馆·领事通知：https://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/
One-stop Window / 一站式窗口, Policy Updates / 政策动态

What the Ninth Import Expo’s Roundtable Signalled

  • On 4 November 2026 the Ministry of Commerce held a Roundtable with Multinationals in Shanghai ahead of the ninth China International Import Expo, with more than 100 foreign companies and foreign chambers of commerce represented.
    2026 年 11 月 4 日，商务部在上海主持召开进博会参展跨国企业圆桌会，100 余家跨国企业及外国商协会负责人参会。
  • The vice-minister chairing it said foreign-invested enterprises will be guaranteed Government Procurement Equality and other lawful rights, and that the export control system will be continuously improved and optimised.
    主持会议的副部长表示，将保障外资企业平等参与政府采购等合法权益，并不断完善优化出口管制体系。
  • The World Openness Report issued at the Hongqiao forum put China’s openness index at 0.7551 for 2025, 28.18 per cent above its 1990 level, while the world index fell 1.00 per cent.
    虹桥论坛发布的《世界开放报告》显示，2025 年中国开放指数为 0.7551，比 1990 年提高 28.18%；同期世界开放指数下降 1.00%。
  • The Export China Capability Report records China’s share of global exports rising from 3.2 per cent in 2000 to 9.2 per cent in 2025.
    《出口中国能力发展报告》显示，中国吸纳全球出口的比重由 2000 年的 3.2% 上升至 2025 年的 9.2%。
  • The ninth expo drew 4,142 overseas exhibitors from 162 countries, regions and international organisations, with exhibition space above 440,000 square metres for the first time.
    第九届进博会吸引 162 个国家、地区和国际组织的 4142 家境外企业参展，整体展览面积首次突破 44 万平方米。
  • Actual use of foreign capital was RMB 548.81 billion in January to September 2026, with high-technology industries up 33.8 per cent year on year and accounting for 41.6 per cent of the total.
    2026 年 1—9 月全国实际使用外资 5488.1 亿元，高技术产业同比增长 33.8%，占比 41.6%。

What the Ninth Import Expo’s Roundtable Signalled | 第九届进博会跨国企业圆桌会释放了什么：政府采购、出口管制与两份报告

Overview

The ninth China International Import Expo ran in Shanghai from 5 to 10 November 2026. On 4 November the Ministry of Commerce held a roundtable with exhibitors; on 5 and 6 November the Hongqiao forum released two reports as a pair for the first time.

Three events, one architecture: a meeting that restates access, two reports that supply the narrative, an exhibition that supplies the pipeline.

What the roundtable was, and was not

The roundtable was chaired by the Vice Minister of Commerce and Deputy China International Trade Representative Ling Ji. More than 100 multinational companies and heads of foreign chambers of commerce attended — among them Omron, Zeiss, Sanofi, Boeing, ArcelorMittal, Mercedes-Benz, Bosch and Ford. Ministries of commerce, industry and information technology, finance, health and the drug regulator also took part.

It was not a policy release. No application window opened, no list of supported projects was published, and no incentive was announced. Companies stated difficulties, ministries stated direction — useful for priorities, useless as a filing basis.

The three signals

Procurement equality. The commitment is that foreign-invested enterprises will be guaranteed equal participation in government procurement and other lawful rights — a guarantee of equal treatment, not a procurement quota. Its operational counterpart is the fair competition review regime: amendments published in October 2026 take effect on 1 December 2026 and target the local-performance, local-branch and local-tax conditions that have excluded outside bidders.

Export controls. The formulation is that the system will be continuously improved and optimised — a statement about the direction of the regime, not a change to any list, licence or end-user rule. It alters no existing obligation and creates no exemption.

Project service. For major foreign investment projects, Shanghai operates a service mechanism covering admission, planning, environmental approval, land, premises, energy, construction, foreign exchange and import-export matters. This is a local arrangement, not a national checklist; groups comparing locations should confirm the equivalent local mechanism.

Reading the two reports

The first, the World Openness Report, measures openness, not sentiment. China’s index rose from 0.5891 in 1990 to 0.7551 in 2025, an increase of 28.18 per cent; the 2025 ranking is one place higher than 2024 and 50 places higher than 1990. The world index stood at 0.7453 in 2025, down 1.00 per cent — the largest annual decline since 2016.

The second, the Export China Capability Report, prepared with a Chinese Academy of Social Sciences institute and a UNCTAD team, tracks what the world sells to China. China’s share of global exports absorbed rose from 3.2 per cent in 2000 to 9.2 per cent in 2025, and the share of Belt and Road partner countries’ exports destined for China reached 59.4 per cent. The report studies ten trading partners each year.

The pair makes a claim about position: China as a demand centre, not only a production centre. A China strategy limited to manufacturing for export addresses a smaller part of the opportunity than described here.

The expo in numbers

The ninth edition drew 4,142 overseas exhibitors from 162 countries, regions and international organisations; total exhibition space above 440,000 square metres and enterprise exhibition space above 370,000 square metres, both firsts; more than 300 Fortune Global 500 and industry-leading companies, also a first; more than 2,000 first-time exhibitors; more than 480 representative debuts; and close to 200 companies and institutions that have attended all nine editions.

The investment backdrop, on the Ministry of Commerce’s figures: actual use of foreign capital was RMB 548.81 billion in January to September 2026, September up 2.5 per cent year on year; high-technology industries took RMB 228.53 billion, 41.6 per cent of the total, 11.9 percentage points higher than a year earlier. More than 560,000 foreign-invested enterprises are registered.

From exhibitor to investor

The conversion mechanism is temporal: six days of exhibition plus a year-round programme, with follow-up matching zones. The design assumes that a first meeting becomes a second, and a second becomes a registration.

That holds only if the company does the work in between. A booth generates contacts; a project needs a legal entity, a site, a foreign exchange registration and a construction schedule, each with its own queue.

Practical steps

  • Run a 90-day conversion list from the close of the expo: intent, entity or scope change, site selection, foreign exchange registration, commencement — with an owner for each step.
  • Prepare procurement credentials before bidding: qualification documents, comparable performance records and credit records are checked at the gate.
  • Keep the export control position current: the direction of travel is optimisation, so rules should be re-checked against the current text.
  • For a major project, ask the local commerce department for the service mechanism in writing, item by item.

Outlook

The next markers are the December entry into force of the amended fair competition review measures, further guidance on major project services, and the 2027 expo. The reports will be repeated; their value lies in the trend, not the level of any index.

Sources

  • 商务部·进博会参展跨国企业圆桌会：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/syxwfb/art/2026/art_f477ee1343214f67853920b68b7859f5.html
  • 中国国际进口博览会官网·虹桥论坛”双旗舰”报告：https://www.ciie.org/zbh/cn/2024/medium-item1/other/20261107/65764.html
  • 中国国际进口博览会官网·《世界开放报告》相关内容：https://www.ciie.org/zbh/cn/2024/medium-item1/other/20261106/65610.html
  • 商务部·新闻发布：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/
  • 中国政府网：https://www.gov.cn/

第九届进博会跨国企业圆桌会释放了什么：政府采购、出口管制与两份报告

概述

第九届中国国际进口博览会于 2026 年 11 月 5 日至 10 日在上海举办。开幕前一天的 11 月 4 日，商务部在上海主持召开参展跨国企业圆桌会；11 月 5 日至 6 日，虹桥论坛首次以”双旗舰”形式发布两份报告。

三件事构成一套完整的表达：一场会议重申准入，两份报告提供叙事，一届展会提供项目管道。分开看，每一件都是规定动作；合起来看，才能分辨哪些承诺企业今天就能用，哪些仍然只是方向。

圆桌会是什么，不是什么

圆桌会由商务部副部长兼国际贸易谈判副代表凌激主持。100 余家跨国企业及外国商协会负责人参会，其中包括欧姆龙、蔡司、赛诺菲、波音、安赛乐米塔尔、梅赛德斯-奔驰、博世、福特。商务部、工业和信息化部、财政部、国家卫生健康委、国家药监局等部门与跨国企业互动交流。

它不是一场政策发布会。没有开启申报窗口，没有公布支持项目名单，也没有宣布优惠措施。它是企业提问题、部门讲方向的一场会——用来读优先级很有用，用来当申报依据则不行。

值得提取的三条信号

政府采购平等参与。 官方表述是保障外资企业平等参与政府采购等合法权益。这是待遇上的保证，不是采购份额。它在制度上的对应物是公平竞争审查：2026 年 10 月公布的《公平竞争审查条例实施办法》修改决定自 2026 年 12 月 1 日起施行，指向的正是以本地业绩、本地分支机构、本地纳税社保等条件排除外地经营者的做法。准备投标的企业，应当把两件事放在一起读。

出口管制。 官方表述是”不断完善优化出口管制体系”。这是关于制度走向的表述，不是对任何清单、许可或最终用户规则的改变。这句话不改变任何既有义务，也不构成任何豁免。

项目服务。 对重大外资项目，上海设有覆盖准入、规划、环保、用地、用房、用能、建设、外汇、进出口等事项的服务机制。需要说清的是：这是地方做法，不是全国统一清单。在比较选址的集团，应当向拟落地城市确认当地对应的机制，而不是假定各地一致。

两份报告怎么读

第一份是《世界开放报告》，测量的是开放度，不是情绪。中国开放指数由 1990 年的 0.5891 上升至 2025 年的 0.7551，提高 28.18%，升幅位居全球前列；2025 年排名比 2024 年上升 1 位，比 1990 年上升 50 位。2025 年世界开放指数为 0.7453，同比下降 1.00%，为 2016 年以来最大降幅。

第二份是《出口中国能力发展报告》，由中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所与联合国贸易和发展会议团队参与编制，观察的是世界向中国卖什么，而不是中国向世界卖什么。中国吸纳全球出口的比重由 2000 年的 3.2% 上升至 2025 年的 9.2%；”一带一路”共建国家对华出口占比升至 59.4%。报告每年选取 10 个贸易伙伴展开研究。

两份报告合起来，主张的是一种位置判断：中国不只是生产中心，也是需求中心。对外资集团而言，实际含义是——把中国战略限定为”在中国制造、再出口”，所覆盖的机会比报告描述的要小。

展会的数据面

第九届进博会共有 162 个国家、地区和国际组织的 4142 家境外企业参展；整体展览面积首次突破 44 万平方米，企业展面积首次突破 37 万平方米；世界 500 强和行业龙头企业首次超过 300 家；首次参展的”新面孔”企业超过 2000 家；全球首发、亚洲首展、中国首秀代表性展品超过 480 件；近 200 家企业和机构连续 9 年”全勤”。

投资面的背景数据（商务部口径）：2026 年 1—9 月全国实际使用外资 5488.1 亿元，9 月当月同比增长 2.5%；高技术产业实际使用外资 2285.3 亿元，同比增长 33.8%，占比 41.6%，较上年同期提升 11.9 个百分点；存量外资企业超过 56 万家。

从展商到投资商

展会的转化机制是时间性的：6 天展期加 365 天常年展销，并设专区对接。这套设计假定第一次见面会带来第二次见面，第二次见面会带来一次登记。

这个假定只有在企业把两次见面之间的事情做完时才成立。展位带来的是名片；项目需要的是一个法律实体、一处场地、一次外汇登记和一张建设排期，而每一项都要排队。把进博会当成获客活动、除此之外什么都不做的企业，转化率就是它后续工作应得的水平。

落地步骤

  • 从闭馆日起排一张 90 天转化清单：意向、主体或经营范围变更、选址、外汇登记、开工。每一步都要有责任人，而不是给清单指定一个责任人。
  • 投标资格材料要在投标前准备，而不是投标后：资质文件、同类业绩、信用记录都在资格环节被核查。
  • 出口管制立场要保持更新；制度方向是”优化”，这意味着适用规则应对照现行文本复核，而不是沿用上一年的理解。
  • 涉及重大项目的，向当地商务部门书面索取服务机制说明，包括哪些事项由哪个部门办理。

展望

接下来的节点是：修改后的公平竞争审查实施办法于 12 月施行，重大外资项目服务的部门指引，以及 2027 年的下一届进博会。报告会继续发布；它们的价值在于所描述的趋势，而不在于某一个指数的绝对水平。

来源

  • 商务部·进博会参展跨国企业圆桌会：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/syxwfb/art/2026/art_f477ee1343214f67853920b68b7859f5.html
  • 中国国际进口博览会官网·虹桥论坛”双旗舰”报告：https://www.ciie.org/zbh/cn/2024/medium-item1/other/20261107/65764.html
  • 中国国际进口博览会官网·《世界开放报告》相关内容：https://www.ciie.org/zbh/cn/2024/medium-item1/other/20261106/65610.html
  • 商务部·新闻发布：https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/
  • 中国政府网：https://www.gov.cn/
Antitrust & Merger / 反垄断并购, Foreign M&A / 外资并购

Fair Competition Review: China Bans Local Performance Requirements in Procurement and Bidding

  • The State Administration for Market Regulation published Order No. 130 amending the implementation measures of the Fair Competition Review Regulation on 16 October 2026, with effect from 1 December 2026.
    市场监管总局于 2026 年 10 月 16 日公布第 130 号令，修改《公平竞争审查条例实施办法》，自 2026 年 12 月 1 日起施行。
  • Local performance requirements are now expressly prohibited, including local track record, years of establishment, local awards, a local branch, and local tax or social insurance payments used to grade an operator’s credit.
    本地业绩要求被明确列入禁止情形，包括以本地业绩、成立年限、本地奖项荣誉、在本地设立分支机构、在本地缴纳税收社保来评价经营者信用等级。
  • Differentiated credit scoring based on the origin of goods is banned where it affects out-of-town operators in Government Procurement and Bidding and Tendering.
    以商品产地等因素设置差异化信用评分标准、影响外地经营者参加本地政府采购与招标投标的，同样被禁止。
  • Unreasonably short publicity or response periods, and on-site-only registration or purchase of tender documents, are listed as prohibited practices.
    设置不合理的公示时间或响应时间、仅允许现场报名或现场购买采购文件招标文件的，被列为禁止情形。
  • Where a drafting body commissions government procurement, tendering or investment promotion, the drafting body itself must carry out the fair competition review.
    起草单位委托实施政府采购、招标投标、招商引资的，由起草单位自己对相应政策措施开展公平竞争审查。
  • Repeated procedural failures may draw a reminder from the market regulator, a supervisory prompt rather than a sanction.
    多次出现审查不到位情形的，市场监管部门可以提醒督促，这是督促而非处罚。
  • The amendment is published but not yet in force, so it binds measures drafted after 1 December 2026 rather than curing rules already issued.
    该修改决定已公布但尚未施行，约束的是 2026 年 12 月 1 日之后起草的政策措施，并不溯及已经发布的文件。

Fair Competition Review: China Bans Local Performance Requirements in Procurement and Bidding | 公平竞争审查：把”本地业绩”写进禁止清单

Overview

On 16 October 2026 the State Administration for Market Regulation published Order No. 130, amending the implementation measures of the Fair Competition Review Regulation. It takes effect on 1 December 2026.

Fair competition review is the procedure by which a government body checks, before issuing a policy, whether it restricts competition. Most of what it covers — subsidy rules, local standards, licensing conditions — never reaches a foreign investor’s desk. This amendment matters because it writes into a binding rule the devices local authorities have used to keep outside firms out of public purchasing — and a foreign-invested company bidding for a public contract is, in this context, precisely an out-of-town operator.

Status: published, not yet in force

Two dates must not be merged: publication on 16 October 2026, application from 1 December 2026, existing measures in force until then.

The consequence is a drafting window. Measures already issued are not automatically rewritten; the amendment bites on measures drafted, reviewed or submitted after it takes effect, and on reviews still open. A grievance about a tender rule issued last year is not reopened by this order.

What the amendment changes

Credit scoring. Article 15(4) is rewritten. Using an operator’s local track record, years of establishment, awards obtained locally, a local branch, or local tax and social insurance payments to evaluate its credit rating is prohibited where this affects out-of-town operators’ participation in local government procurement or bidding. Differentiated scoring set by reference to factors such as the origin of goods is prohibited on the same item.

Access to the process. Article 15(6) prohibits unreasonably short publicity or response periods, and registration or document purchase available only on site.

Outsourced processes. A new Article 48 provides that where a drafting body commissions the implementation of government procurement, bidding and tendering, or investment promotion, that drafting body carries out the review of the corresponding measures. Outsourcing the process does not outsource the review.

The review procedure. Article 31 gains a fifth paragraph: where a drafting body repeatedly reviews poorly, fails to consult as required or submits incomplete materials, the regulator may remind and urge it to perform its duty. Article 33 gains two paragraphs: a measure found not to meet the standards must be revised per the review opinion and resubmitted, and a measure sent to the government must carry the compliant review conclusion. Article 35 requires third-party assessment results, and how far they were adopted, to be stated in the conclusion.

Consequential items. Article 25(1)(4) becomes “other circumstances provided for by laws and administrative regulations”; Article 37 requires the regulator to handle a report promptly or transfer it; Article 47 corrects a term for grassroots self-governing bodies.

Why local scoring was the target

A credit score is a threshold that does not look like one. Every bidder is measured the same way, so the rule reads as neutral. But a supplier with no local branch, no local tax record and no local awards starts below the line before its price is opened. The exclusion is produced by the scoring table, not by a sentence saying outsiders need not apply.

Naming these devices in a binding rule moves the argument to the drafting stage. A policy office that wants a local performance score must now write it down and defend it in review, rather than treat it as ordinary practice — a smaller step than an outright ban, and a more durable one.

What it means for foreign investors and M&A

First, qualification clauses requiring a local branch, a local tax registration or a fixed number of years of local operation become reviewable defects rather than commercial preferences. They will not vanish on 1 December; they become citable.

Second, in acquisition projects, the localised conditions that sometimes attach to a project face a narrower space. The amendment regulates the policy documents around a transaction, not the transaction — which shifts diligence toward the local measures the target’s business depends on.

Third, the review duty follows the commissioning body: where an authority runs procurement through an intermediary, the obligation stays with the authority.

What it does not do

It creates no private right of action; the route is a report to the market regulator, which must handle it promptly or pass it on. It does not touch merger control, a separate track under the Anti-Monopoly Law. And it does not turn a reminder into a penalty: Article 31(5) is a supervisory prompt, and reading it as a fine misstates the text.

Practical steps

  • Search your tender documents for local branch, local tax record, local awards and years of local operation.
  • Read the scoring table, not only the qualification section; local performance usually appears as points.
  • Log each timetable: publicity period, question deadline, document purchase window.
  • Keep the evidence when a clause looks exclusionary — the document, the scoring table, the timeline, your submission.
  • Route a complaint to the regulator at the level that drafted the measure, citing Article 15(4) or 15(6).

Outlook

The new text will be applied in individual reviews, where the interpretive work will happen. For investors the value is specificity: a clause requiring three years of local experience is now a named defect.

Sources

  • 市场监管总局·《关于修改〈公平竞争审查条例实施办法〉的决定》（总局令第 130 号）：https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2026/art_cca9cd5968f0479ab82e7980fbe51571.html
  • 市场监管总局·实施办法条文：https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2026/art_d1f14a9d18ec42f0abc671d1034e2c35.html
  • 中国政府网·《公平竞争审查条例》（国务院行政法规）：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 市场监管总局·总局令与规范性文件发布：https://www.samr.gov.cn/

公平竞争审查：把”本地业绩”写进禁止清单

概述

2026 年 10 月 16 日，市场监管总局公布第 130 号令，修改《公平竞争审查条例实施办法》，自 2026 年 12 月 1 日起施行。

公平竞争审查是政府机关在出台政策之前，先自查这项政策是否限制竞争的程序。它管的大多数内容并不会摆到外资企业桌上：补贴规则、地方标准、许可条件。这份修改决定之所以值得看，是因为它把地方政府用来把外地企业挡在公共采购之外的那些具体手法，写进了一部有约束力的规章；而一家参与政府采购投标的外资企业，在这个语境里恰恰就是”外地经营者”。

状态：已公布，尚未施行

两个日期不能合并：10 月 16 日公布，12 月 1 日施行，在此之前现行办法继续有效。

由此产生的是一个起草窗口。已经发布的政策措施不会被自动改写；修改决定约束的是施行之后起草、审查或报送的政策措施，以及届时仍在进行的审查。手里握着一份去年招标文件的企业，不要把这份令当成重启旧案的工具。

修改了什么

信用评分。 第十五条第四项被改写。将经营者在本地的业绩、成立年限、所获得的奖项荣誉，或者在本地设立分支机构、缴纳税收社保等用于评价经营者信用等级，影响外地经营者参加本地政府采购、招标投标的，属于禁止情形。同一项还禁止根据商品产地等因素设置差异化信用评分标准。

参与程序的机会。 第十五条第六项禁止设置不合理的公示时间或者响应时间，以及仅允许现场报名、现场购买采购文件招标文件的做法。

委托出去的事。 新增第四十八条：起草单位委托实施政府采购、招标投标、招商引资的，由起草单位对相应政策措施开展公平竞争审查。把流程委托出去，不等于把审查责任委托出去。

审查程序本身。 第三十一条增加一款作为第五款：起草单位多次出现审查不到位、未按条例要求征求意见、提请审查时材料不完备等情况的，市场监管部门可以提醒督促其认真履行审查责任。第三十三条增加两款：审查结论认为不符合标准的，起草单位应按审查意见修改并重新提请审查；提请本级政府审议或审批时，应一并报送符合审查标准的审查结论。第三十五条要求引入第三方评估的，在审查结论或初审意见中说明评估结果及采纳情况。

配套与文字调整。 第二十五条第一款第四项改为”法律、行政法规规定的其他情形”；第三十七条明确接到举报后应及时处理或转送有关部门；第四十七条对基层群众性自治组织的表述作了修正。

为什么盯上的是本地评分

信用评分是一道不像门槛的门槛。所有投标人用同一把尺子量，规则读起来是中立的。但一家没有本地分支机构、没有本地纳税记录、没有本地奖项的供应商，在报价被拆封之前就已经排在分数线以下。排除效果由评分表产生，而不是由某句”外地企业不得参与”产生。

把这些手法写进有约束力的规章，等于把争论挪到文件被写出来的起草环节。想要保留本地业绩加分的政策部门，现在必须把它写下来、在审查中说明理由，而不能当作惯例带过——这比直接禁止这种做法步子更小，却更耐久。

对外资与并购意味着什么

第一，要求本地分支机构、本地税务登记或固定本地经营年限的资格条款，从”商务偏好”变成了”可指出的审查瑕疵”。它们不会在 12 月 1 日消失，但从此可以被点名。

第二，在并购项目中，有时附着于项目的本地化条件可操作空间被压缩。这份修改决定规范的是交易周边的政策文件，不是交易本身——尽职调查的重点因此转向标的业务依赖哪些地方性措施。

第三，审查责任跟着委托方走：地方机关通过中介机构实施采购的，义务仍留在机关身上。

它不做什么

它没有创设私人诉权，投诉的通道是向市场监管部门举报，接到举报后应及时处理或转送。它不涉及经营者集中，集中申报是反垄断法下另一条线。它也没有把”提醒督促”变成处罚：第三十一条第五款是督促，不是罚款。

落地步骤

  • 把手头参与过的招标文件梳理一遍，检索本地分支机构、本地纳税记录、本地奖项、本地经营年限这几类表述。
  • 读评分表，而不只是资格条件部分；本地业绩通常以分值而非门槛的形式出现。
  • 记录每个项目的时间表：公示期、提问截止、文件购买窗口。
  • 遇到疑似歧视性条款，把证据留全——招标文件、评分表、时间安排，以及自己的投标材料。
  • 向起草该政策措施那一级的市场监管部门举报，直接引用第十五条第四项或第六项，而不是泛泛谈公平。

展望

新条文要在一个个具体审查里落地，解释工作会发生在个案中，而不是在指引里。对投资者而言，价值在于具体：要求”本地三年经验”的条款现在是一项有名目的瑕疵。

来源

  • 市场监管总局·《关于修改〈公平竞争审查条例实施办法〉的决定》（总局令第 130 号）：https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2026/art_cca9cd5968f0479ab82e7980fbe51571.html
  • 市场监管总局·实施办法条文：https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2026/art_d1f14a9d18ec42f0abc671d1034e2c35.html
  • 中国政府网·《公平竞争审查条例》（国务院行政法规）：https://www.gov.cn/
  • 市场监管总局·总局令与规范性文件发布：https://www.samr.gov.cn/
Admission Approval / 准入审批, Patent / 专利

Plant Variety Protection: Three Rules in Force and What They Change for Breeding in China

  • Three departmental rules on plant variety protection take effect on 1 November 2026, covering the protected list, the implementing rules and the review committee.
    三件植物新品种保护配套规章于 2026 年 11 月 1 日同步施行，分别涉及保护名录、实施细则与复审委员会。
  • Plant Variety Rights now reach 308 agricultural genera and species after the twelfth batch added 117, including the sorghum genus, rye, durum wheat and Chinese chive.
    第十二批名录新增 117 个属种后，农业植物品种权保护范围扩至 308 个属种，其中包括高粱属、黑麦、硬粒小麦与香葱。
  • The implementing rules set out the steps for Essentially Derived Varieties in stages, so commercialising a modified form of a protected variety requires authorisation.
    实施细则明确了实质性派生品种制度的分步实施步骤，改良他人受保护品种后商业化需取得授权。
  • DUS Testing management and new material requirements for bio-breeding applications are added, which changes the preparation cycle and cost of a filing.
    新增 DUS 测试管理与生物育种申请材料要求，申请文件的准备周期与成本随之变化。
  • Employee Breeding now explicitly covers breeding completed within three years after retirement or transfer where it relates to the former work.
    职务育种明确涵盖退休、调离后三年内完成的与原工作有关的育种成果。
  • The review committee grows from 30 members to between 60 and 70, and its term from three years to five, widening the appeal route after a refusal.
    复审委员会由 30 名扩至 60 至 70 名，任期由三年改为五年，驳回后的救济通道因此更宽。
  • Foreign investment in seed breeding remains subject to the negative list; these rules change intellectual property protection, not market access.
    外资进入种业仍受外商投资准入负面清单约束；本轮规章改变的是知识产权保护，不是市场准入。

Plant Variety Protection: Three Rules in Force and What They Change for Breeding in China | 植物新品种保护：三项规章施行，在华育种业务改变什么

Overview

On 1 November 2026, three departmental rules of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs took effect together: Order No. 1 of 2026 on the twelfth batch of the protected list, Order No. 2 of 2026 on the implementing rules of the Regulations on the Protection of New Plant Varieties (agricultural part), and Order No. 3 of 2026 on the review committee’s adjudication rules.

Order No. 1 was adopted at the ministry’s first executive meeting of 2026 on 28 August 2026 and promulgated by Minister Zhang Zhu on 15 September 2026. Because all three apply from the same date, one breeding programme may be touched by the list, the examination rules and the appeal procedure at once.

This refines an existing regime rather than opening a market. The Seed Law was amended in 2021, widening protection and introducing the essentially derived variety system; the State Council revised the Regulations in 2025, tightening grant conditions, extending the term and arranging phased implementation. The three rules are the operational layer beneath both.

What the implementing rules change

The official reading of Order No. 2 identifies three points.

First, it sets out the concrete steps for implementing the essentially derived variety system in stages. The concept is not new; the sequence in which it applies is what practitioners have awaited. Commercial exploitation of an essentially derived variety of a protected variety requires authorisation from the original holder.

Second, it adds DUS testing management. Distinctness, uniformity and stability testing is the technical core of any grant, and placing it in the rules raises the documentation standard.

Third, it adds material requirements for bio-breeding applications. Applicants using modern techniques should expect closer scrutiny of how the breeding process and starting material are described.

The rules also tighten grant conditions, improve examination and strengthen supervision.

The scope of protection

The scope covers new varieties of grain, cotton, oil crops, fibre crops, sugar crops, vegetables including watermelon and melon, tobacco, mulberry, tea, fruit trees other than dried fruit, ornamental plants other than woody plants, grasses, green manure, herbaceous medicinal plants, edible fungi, algae and rubber trees. A genus outside that list cannot be protected by a variety right, whatever its commercial value.

The twelfth batch

Order No. 1 adds 117 agricultural genera and species, taking the total to 308. The additions include ramie, chickpea, jute, rye, the sorghum genus, the triticale genus, durum wheat, Chinese chive including bunching onion, winter squash, water chestnut and arrowhead.

Genera outside the list can now be the subject of an application. A programme that shelved a variety because it could not be protected should revisit that decision against the new list, not against memory.

Employee breeding and the three-year lookback

The rules define employee breeding as breeding completed in the employee’s own duties, in performing a task assigned by the employer, or within three years after retirement or transfer where it relates to the former work.

The third limb catches companies out. A breeder who leaves in March and files the following year may still be producing employee breeding, and the right may belong to the former employer. Contracts covering ownership only during employment are incomplete; confidentiality, material-return and disclosure duties need to run for the same three years.

The review committee

Order No. 3 expands the review committee from 30 members to between 60 and 70 and extends the term from three years to five. It also sets out the procedure for refusals, declarations of invalidity and changes of name.

A larger committee serving longer promises no particular outcome, but the route after a refusal is better resourced and more predictable. Applicants who treated a refusal as final should reconsider.

The boundary that has not moved

None of this changes who may invest in seed breeding in China. Foreign investment in the sector remains subject to the Special Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access, the negative list. The rules concern intellectual property in varieties, not permission to hold or operate a breeding business.

That distinction matters internally. A joint venture reading the new rules as an opening will misjudge its approval path; one reading them as a shield for its germplasm will plan correctly.

Practical steps

  • Map every variety in the pipeline against the twelfth batch and identify those previously unprotectable.
  • Screen each candidate for essentially derived status: does it depend on a protected variety, and is authorisation in place?
  • Build DUS testing into the development calendar rather than treating it as a final step.
  • For bio-breeding applications, prepare breeding-process and material documentation in advance.
  • Rewrite breeder contracts to cover the three years after departure, with material-return and disclosure clauses.
  • Diarise refusals and appeal windows against the new committee procedure.
  • Consider variety rights alongside patents, trademarks and trade secrets for the same germplasm.

Outlook

The regime moves toward stronger protection delivered through more technical examination. Filing costs rise, and so does the value of a granted right. The competitive question shifts from whether a variety can be protected to whether the chain of derivation can be documented.

Sources

  • 农业农村部·农业农村部令 2026 年第 1 号《中华人民共和国农业植物品种保护名录（第十二批）》全文：https://nyncw.cq.gov.cn/ztzl_161/rdzt/xczx/zcwj_249776/bw_257461/202611/t20261105_16361210.html
  • 农业农村部法规司、种业管理司负责人就三项规章答问：https://www.baoan.gov.cn/bajjcj/gkmlpt/content/13/13057/post_13057320.html
  • 农业农村部·规章库（第 1/2/3 号令集中发布）：https://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/nyncbgzk/
  • 中国政府网·《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则（农业部分）》全文（农业农村部令 2026 年第 2 号）：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202610/content_7082787.htm

植物新品种保护：三项规章施行，在华育种业务改变什么

概述

2026 年 11 月 1 日，农业农村部三件规章同日施行：农业农村部令 2026 年第 1 号《中华人民共和国农业植物品种保护名录（第十二批）》、第 2 号《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则（农业部分）》、第 3 号《农业农村部植物新品种复审委员会审理规定》。

第 1 号令经 2026 年 8 月 28 日农业农村部第 1 次部务会议审议通过，由部长张柱于 2026 年 9 月 15 日发布。三件规章自同一日起适用，意味着一项育种计划现在可能同时被名录、审查规则与复审程序三方面触及。

这是对既有制度的细化，不是开放市场的举措。2021 年全国人大常委会修改种子法，扩展保护范围与保护环节、加大侵权处罚力度、建立实质性派生品种制度；2025 年国务院修订《植物新品种保护条例》，严格授权条件、优化申请授权程序、延长品种权保护期限、细化实质性派生品种制度的分步实施安排、加大侵权惩处力度。三件规章是这两部上位法之下的操作层。

读这三件规章时，有一点需要先分清：名录解决”哪些属种可以申请”，实施细则解决”按什么标准审”，复审规定解决”被驳回之后怎么救济”。三者叠加，才构成一次完整的制度变化；只看其中一件，容易高估或低估影响。

实施细则改变了什么

官方对第 2 号令的解读归纳为三点。

第一，细化实质性派生品种制度分步实施的具体步骤。概念本身不是新的，实务界等待的是它在不同情形下按什么顺序适用。当一个品种是某受保护品种的实质性派生品种时，其商业化利用需要取得原始品种权人的授权。

第二，新增 DUS 测试管理。特异性、一致性、稳定性测试是任何一次授权的技术核心，把这项管理写进规章，意味着申请人需要提供的记录材料标准提高了。

第三，新增生物育种品种权申请材料要求。使用现代育种技术的申请人，应当预期育种过程与原始材料的说明会比以往受到更细致的审查。

除这三点之外，规章同时严格授权条件、完善审查程序、强化监管。三项改动指向同一个方向：授权更审慎，材料更可核查。

三者之间不是并列关系，而是按申请流程排列：分步实施决定派生品种规则什么时候落到具体品种上，DUS 测试决定申请能不能通过，生物育种材料要求决定申请要交什么。按流程顺序读，比按条文顺序读更容易落到排期上。

保护范围

实施细则把保护范围表述为：粮食、棉花、油料、麻类、糖料、蔬菜（含西甜瓜）、烟草、桑树、茶树、果树（干果除外）、观赏植物（木本除外）、草类、绿肥、草本药材、食用菌、藻类和橡胶树等植物的新品种。

这份清单本身就是一道边界。不在清单之内的属种，无论商业价值多高，都无法取得品种权保护，唯一的路径是等待名录再增加批次。清单里两处括号也需要留意：”果树（干果除外）””观赏植物（木本除外）”，说明并非所有果树与观赏植物都在保护范围内。

实务中常见的误判，是把”在名录内”与”能授权”混为一谈。名录只是入口，能否授权还要看特异性、一致性、稳定性，以及是否属于职务育种、是否存在派生关系。

第十二批名录

第 1 号令新增 117 个农业植物属种，农业植物保护属种范围扩至 308 个。新增的属种包括罗布麻、鹰嘴豆、黄麻、黑麦、高粱属、小黑麦属、硬粒小麦、香葱（含分葱）、笋瓜（印度南瓜）、荸荠、慈姑等。

实务意义不宽，但很实在。过去落在名录之外的属种，现在可以成为申请对象。曾因无法保护而搁置某个品种的育种计划，应当对照新名录重新评估，而不是凭记忆判断。

对以加工或贸易为主的企业，这条变化同样有含义：上游供应商如果开始为某个属种申请品种权，采购合同里关于种源使用范围的约定就需要重写，否则”买了种子就能随意扩繁”的旧习惯会带来侵权风险。

另一个容易忽略的点是时间。新增属种进入名录，不等于相关品种立刻具备申请条件；育种材料的性状稳定性与测试安排仍需按实施细则准备。把名录当成”可以马上递交”的信号，往往会在测试环节返工。

职务育种与三年回溯

规章把职务育种界定为三类：在本职工作中完成的育种；履行单位交付任务完成的育种；退休、调离后三年内完成的与原工作有关的育种。

第三类容易让企业失手。一名育种人员三月离职、次年提交申请，仍可能构成职务育种，权利可能归原单位。只在在职期间约定成果归属的合同是不完整的；保密义务、材料返还义务与离职后的披露义务，至少要与同样的三年期间匹配。

实务中还有一层连带影响：交接环节。种质材料、试验记录、田间数据在人员离职时如果没有清点留档，日后主张权利时会缺少证据。三年回溯条款考验的不是合同文本，而是日常的记录管理。

从管理角度看，三年回溯把离职管理从人事问题变成了知识产权问题。研发岗位的交接清单里，除了设备与文档，还应当包括种质材料、试验编号与对外合作记录。

复审委员会

第 3 号令将复审委员会由 30 名扩至 60 至 70 名，任期由三年改为五年，并规范驳回申请复审、无效宣告与更名审理的全链条程序。

更大的委员会与更长的任期不构成对某种结果的承诺，但驳回之后的救济通道资源更充足、时限更可预期。此前把驳回视为终局的申请人，值得重新评估；把复审当作”再试一次”而非”重新论证”的做法，则不会因为委员会扩容而变得有效。

程序上的另一处变化是审理范围的完整化：驳回申请复审、无效宣告与更名三类事项被放进同一套程序规范，申请人对每一步的时限与材料可以更早预期，而不必逐案询问。

没有移动的边界

上述变化都不改变谁可以在中国投资种业。该领域的外商投资仍受《外商投资准入特别管理措施（负面清单）》约束。规章处理的是品种的知识产权保护，不是持有或经营育种业务的许可。

这一区分决定内部如何汇报。把新规读成准入开口的合资企业，会误判自己的审批路径；把它读成自有种质资源保护更厚的合资企业，规划才是对的。

换言之，负面清单决定”能不能做”，三件规章决定”做出来的成果归谁、被抄了怎么办”。两件事不能互相替代，也不能互相推导。

操作清单

  • 把在研品种清单与第十二批名录逐项比对，标出过去无法申请保护的部分。
  • 对每个候选品种做实质性派生筛查：是否依赖他人受保护品种，授权是否到位。
  • 把 DUS 测试排进研发日历，而不是当作最后的申报动作。
  • 生物育种申请，提前准备育种过程与材料说明文件。
  • 重写育种人员合同，覆盖离职后三年，并加入材料返还与披露条款。
  • 按新的复审程序，为驳回与复审时限建立日历提醒。
  • 同一份种质资源，把品种权与专利、商标、商业秘密组合考虑。

清单里最容易被跳过的是第二项。实质性派生判断依赖对他人品种的了解，而这项信息通常不在企业内部，需要专门检索与外部意见；等到申请阶段才发现派生关系，代价往往不是补交材料，而是重新设计品种。

清单本身也建议按主体拆开：研发、法务、人事各管一段，最后合并成一张表，比由单一部门统管更容易发现缺口。

展望

制度的方向是更强的保护，通过更技术的审查来实现。对育种业务而言，申请成本上升，授权权利的价值也随之上升。竞争问题从”这个品种能不能获得保护”，转向”派生链条能不能被完整记录”。

对准备在中国开展育种业务的境外企业，更现实的判断标准不是”保护变强了”，而是”自有品种在中国的权利链条能否闭合”：来源、派生、职务归属、测试记录，四项中缺一项，权利的实际价值就会打折。

来源

  • 农业农村部·农业农村部令 2026 年第 1 号《中华人民共和国农业植物品种保护名录（第十二批）》全文：https://nyncw.cq.gov.cn/ztzl_161/rdzt/xczx/zcwj_249776/bw_257461/202611/t20261105_16361210.html
  • 农业农村部法规司、种业管理司负责人就三项规章答问：https://www.baoan.gov.cn/bajjcj/gkmlpt/content/13/13057/post_13057320.html
  • 农业农村部·规章库（第 1/2/3 号令集中发布）：https://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/nyncbgzk/
  • 中国政府网·《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则（农业部分）》全文（农业农村部令 2026 年第 2 号）：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202610/content_7082787.htm

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