All posts by adm0n

Antitrust & Merger / 反垄断并购

China moves antitrust personal liability from principle to practice: the draft Monopoly Agreement Individual Liability Guidelines

  • On 27 August 2026, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) published the Draft Guidelines on the Application of Individual Liability for Monopoly Agreements for public comment, with feedback due by 10 September 2026.
    2026年8月27日，市场监管总局就《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》向社会公开征求意见，意见反馈截止日期为2026年9月10日。
  • The draft implements the “dual-penalty” rule introduced by the 2022 Anti-Monopoly Law: legal representatives, principal responsible persons and directly responsible personnel of an undertaking may each be fined up to RMB 1 million where they bear individual responsibility for concluding a monopoly agreement.
    征求意见稿落地2022年《反垄断法》确立的”双罚制”：对达成垄断协议负有个人责任的法定代表人、主要负责人和直接责任人员，反垄断执法机构可以对其处一百万元以下罚款。
  • Individual responsibility attaches to those who organise, lead, decide, command, or instigate, approve or connive at the conclusion of a monopoly agreement; harsher treatment is reserved for agreements harming national interests in key areas such as people’s livelihoods, ecology, work safety, financial capital and data security.
    对达成垄断协议起到组织、领导、决策、指挥作用，或授意、批准、纵容达成垄断协议的个人追究责任；涉及民生保障、生态环境、安全生产、金融资本、数据安全等重点领域、危害国家利益的垄断协议，将严格追究个人责任。
  • Aggravating factors include instigating, coercing or deceiving others into a monopoly agreement or obstructing others from withdrawing from one; co-operation with the investigation and proactive removal of harm may lead to lighter penalties; individual liability does not lapse on resignation or departure.
    教唆、胁迫、诱骗他人达成垄断协议或妨碍他人停止参与等构成从重处罚情节；积极配合调查、主动消除危害后果可依法从轻处罚；个人责任不因其离职等情形而免除。
  • For executives of foreign-invested companies and joint ventures operating in China, the guidelines signal that antitrust compliance can no longer be treated as a purely corporate matter — individual managers face personal exposure, mirroring the personal-liability regimes long applied to executives in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.
    对在华经营的外资企业与合资企业高管而言，指引意味着反垄断合规不再只是企业层面的事务——管理者个人将面临直接责任风险，这与美国、英国、澳大利亚等长期对高管施加个人责任的制度形成呼应。

China moves antitrust personal liability from principle to practice: the draft Monopoly Agreement Individual Liability Guidelines | 反垄断”双罚制”落地提速：《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》解读

Overview

On 27 August 2026, SAMR published the Draft Guidelines on the Application of Individual Liability for Monopoly Agreements (《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》) and invited public comment until 10 September 2026. The draft turns a provision of the 2022 Anti-Monopoly Law into an operational enforcement framework. Article 56 of the amended law already stated that legal representatives, principal responsible persons and directly responsible personnel of an undertaking may be fined up to RMB 1 million where they bear personal responsibility for concluding a monopoly agreement. The Guidelines explain who falls into that category, which factors matter, and how penalties are calibrated.

Why the Guidelines matter now

Price-fixing, output restriction and market-division agreements are widely regarded as the most damaging form of anti-competitive conduct, and they are typically the product of collusion among executives rather than of a company acting as an abstract legal person. Before the 2022 amendment, the Anti-Monopoly Law contained no explicit personal-liability rule, and in practice “the undertaking bears responsibility while individuals walk free” — a gap that diluted deterrence. The 2022 amendment introduced the “dual-penalty” structure; the draft Guidelines now give it operational shape.

The drafting note explains that Article 56 is framed in principle-level language and needs more specific rules on the circumstances of application, the factors for identifying responsible individuals, and the calibration of sanctions. The guidelines follow roughly four years of enforcement experience, including 2025 cases in which Shanghai and Tianjin market-regulation authorities applied the personal-liability clause to executives in pharmaceutical monopoly cases. Those cases operated as tentative breakthroughs; the Guidelines are designed to make the rule uniformly applicable.

Who bears individual responsibility

Under the draft, individual responsibility arises where the legal representative, principal responsible person or directly responsible personnel of an undertaking:

  • plays an organising, leading, deciding or commanding role in reaching the monopoly agreement; or
  • instigates, approves or connives at the conclusion of the agreement.

Responsibility is not limited to those who sign documents: executives who set the strategy, chairs who run the coordination meeting, sales directors who transmit the price signal and compliance officers who turn a blind eye can all fall within the draft’s language depending on the evidence. The reference to “instigating, approving or conniving” is deliberately broad, capturing passive as well as active involvement.

Calibration: aggravating and mitigating factors

The draft sets out factors that push penalties up or down:

  • Aggravating circumstances include instigating, coercing or deceiving others into concluding a monopoly agreement, and obstructing others from ceasing participation. Agreements that harm national interests in key areas — people’s livelihoods, the ecological environment, production safety, financial capital and data security — attract strict pursuit of personal liability.
  • Mitigating circumstances include actively co-operating with the investigation and voluntarily eliminating or mitigating the harmful consequences of the agreement.
  • No escape by resignation: individual liability is not extinguished by the person’s departure from the undertaking, meaning former executives of a company under investigation can still be pursued.

What this means in practice

  • A clearer compliance baseline for executives. The Guidelines supply the previously missing detail about who is at risk and what conduct triggers exposure. For multinationals with Chinese operations, antitrust training and certification for local executives, and board-level attention to pricing, output and territorial allocation decisions, become materially more important.
  • Personal exposure rather than corporate-only risk. Fines of up to RMB 1 million per individual sit alongside corporate fines that, under the law, can reach 10 per cent of the undertaking’s turnover in the previous year. For regional heads, country managers and joint-venture general managers, the calculus of joining a cartel conversation changes.
  • Interaction with leniency. The reference to active co-operation and harm removal as mitigating factors should be read together with the existing leniency (immunity) system for undertakings that self-report; companies and individuals alike need counsel on sequencing a leniency application and individual cooperation.
  • Joint ventures and intra-group arrangements deserve special review. Pricing and market-allocation discussions inside a JV board, or coordination between a parent and a Chinese partner, can raise monopoly-agreement questions in which individual executives of both sides are exposed. The same applies to trade associations that organise output or price coordination — the individuals behind them can now be targeted directly.
  • HR and compliance governance. Consider adding individual-liability clauses to employment contracts or code-of-conduct acknowledgements, ensuring that departing executives’ files are preserved, and reviewing directors’ and officers’ insurance arrangements in light of the new personal exposure.

Practical steps

  • Review the draft and, where appropriate, submit comments to SAMR before 10 September 2026 (the public-comment channel on SAMR’s website).
  • Audit existing pricing, output, market-allocation and bid-coordination practices, especially any engagement with trade associations or industry roundtables.
  • Deliver tailored antitrust training to legal representatives, general managers, sales and procurement heads, with sign-off records retained as evidence of a compliance culture.
  • Prepare internal escalation and “stop and call counsel” protocols for any invitation to fix prices or divide markets, including inside joint-venture governance bodies.
  • Monitor the final version of the Guidelines and any provincial enforcement guidance; expect SAMR and provincial bureaus to apply the personal-liability rule in the next wave of cartel investigations.

Sources

  • 人民日报（人民网吉林频道）— 市场监管总局发布《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》: https://jl.people.com.cn/n2/2026/0831/c349771-41682074.html
  • 央视新闻 — 事关垄断协议个人责任追责范围等 市场监管总局公开征求意见（反馈截止2026年9月10日）: https://finance.cctv.cn/2026/08/28/ARTI5rL9FjtOSM6uoFF6fJzU260828.shtml
  • 央广网 — 反垄断执法开始向穿透式追责到人转变: https://www.cnr.cn/jingji/ycbd/20260828/t20260828_527796366.shtml

Related reading

  • see also: merger control and antitrust basics for foreign investors (38-anti-monopoly-merger-control)
  • see also: SAMR’s enforcement approach to monopolistic conduct in the 2026 cycle (13-policy-updates)

反垄断”双罚制”落地提速：《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》解读

概述

2026年8月27日，市场监管总局就《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》向社会公开征求意见，反馈截止日期为2026年9月10日。征求意见稿把2022年修订《反垄断法》中的一项条款转化为可操作的执法框架。修订后《反垄断法》第五十六条已经写明：经营者的法定代表人、主要负责人和直接责任人员对达成垄断协议负有个人责任的，可以处一百万元以下罚款。指引要解决的是：谁属于这几类人、何种情形构成个人责任、处罚如何裁量。

为什么现在出台

联合涨价、限制产量、划分市场等垄断协议被世界各国公认为对市场竞争损害最严重的垄断行为，而其达成往往与经营者高管之间的合谋密切相关。2022年修法前，《反垄断法》对垄断协议的个人责任没有明确规定，实践中普遍出现”单位承担责任、个人免于追责”的情形，威慑力不足。2022年修法确立”双罚制”后，起草说明指出，第五十六条的表述较为原则，在具体适用情形、认定因素及处罚裁量上需要更明确、细化的规定，因此有必要制定本指引。

指引也建立在约四年的执法探索之上：2025年，上海市市场监督管理局在上海信谊联合医药等三家经营者垄断协议案中首次适用该条款，对责任人罚款五十万元；同年天津市市场监督管理局在原料药垄断案中对四名责任人分别罚款，并对组织垄断协议的自然人罚款五十万元。个案属于制度探索，指引则致力于让该制度普遍适用。

谁承担个人责任

依征求意见稿，经营者中的以下个人对达成垄断协议负有个人责任：

  • 起到组织、领导、决策、指挥作用者；或
  • 授意、批准、纵容达成垄断协议者。

责任不以签字为限：定调子的高管、主持会议的董事长、传递价格信号的销售总监、睁一只眼闭一只眼的合规负责人，都可能依证据落入文义范围。”授意、批准、纵容”的表述刻意宽泛，兼顾主动参与与消极放任。

裁量：从重与从轻因素

指引给出上下调节的裁量因素：

  • 从重情形：教唆、胁迫、诱骗他人达成垄断协议；妨碍他人停止参与垄断协议。垄断协议涉及民生保障、生态环境、安全生产、金融资本、数据安全等重点领域、危害国家利益的，将严格追究个人责任。
  • 从轻情形：积极配合调查、主动消除垄断协议危害后果等。
  • 离职不免责：相关个人责任不因其离职等情形而免除——被调查企业的前高管仍可能被追责。

对外资与合资企业的现实意义

  • 高管合规基线更清晰。 指引补齐了此前缺失的细节：谁有风险、何种行为触发责任。在华经营的外企需要更重视对本地高管的反垄断培训与签署确认，董事会层面也要关注定价、产量与区域划分类决策。
  • 个人风险与企业风险并立。 个人最高百万元罚款之外，企业可能面临上一年度营业额最高10%的罚款。对区域负责人、国家经理、合资企业总经理而言，参与卡特尔对话的成本结构已彻底改变。
  • 与宽大制度衔接。 “积极配合调查、主动消除危害后果可从轻”应结合企业自首宽大制度一并理解；企业与个人都需要专业意见来安排自首申请与个人配合的先后顺序。
  • 合资企业与集团内安排需专项审查。 合资企业董事会内的定价与市场划分讨论、母公司与中方伙伴之间的协调，可能引致垄断协议问题，双方高管个人均处于风险中。组织限产定价的行业协会背后的个人，现在也可能被直接追责。
  • 人事与治理安排。 可在劳动合同或行为准则中加入个人责任条款，确保离职高管档案完整留存，并据新的个人敞口审视董监高责任保险安排。

实务建议

  • 研读征求意见稿，必要时于2026年9月10日前通过总局官网意见征集渠道反馈。
  • 排查既有定价、产量、市场划分与投标协同做法，尤其涉及行业协会或行业座谈会的活动。
  • 为法定代表人、总经理、销售与采购负责人定制反垄断培训，并留存签署记录作为合规文化证据。
  • 建立内部升级与”叫停并咨询律师”机制，覆盖任何被邀请固定价格或划分市场的场景，包括合资企业治理会议之内。
  • 跟踪指引最终稿与各省级执法指引；预计总局与省级局将在下一轮卡特尔调查中适用个人责任条款。

来源

  • 人民日报（人民网吉林频道）— 市场监管总局发布《垄断协议个人责任适用指引（征求意见稿）》: https://jl.people.com.cn/n2/2026/0831/c349771-41682074.html
  • 央视新闻 — 事关垄断协议个人责任追责范围等 市场监管总局公开征求意见（反馈截止2026年9月10日）: https://finance.cctv.cn/2026/08/28/ARTI5rL9FjtOSM6uoFF6fJzU260828.shtml
  • 央广网 — 反垄断执法开始向穿透式追责到人转变: https://www.cnr.cn/jingji/ycbd/20260828/t20260828_527796366.shtml

相关阅读

  • 见：外资投资者应知的反垄断并购与经营者集中基础（38-anti-monopoly-merger-control）
  • 见：市场监管总局2026年轮反垄断执法动态（13-policy-updates）
Import-Export Clearance / 进出口清关

Ninth CIIE customs guide released: GACC Announcement 2026 No. 128

  • GACC Announcement 2026 No. 128, published on 1 September 2026, releases the Customs Clearance Guide for the Ninth China International Import Expo (CIIE) and the customs facilitation measures supporting the expo, which runs in Shanghai from 5 to 10 November 2026.
    海关总署2026年9月1日发布第128号公告，公布《2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会海关通关须知》和《海关支持2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会便利措施》；第九届进博会将于2026年11月5日至10日在上海举办。
  • Nine earlier customs announcements covering the previous eight editions of the expo are repealed in one stroke (2018 Nos. 55 and 76, 2019 No. 115, 2020 No. 84, 2021 No. 54, 2022 No. 62, 2023 No. 93, 2024 No. 78 and 2025 No. 148), consolidating the regime into a single current text.
    公告同时废止此前适用于前八届进博会的9份海关公告（2018年第55、76号，2019年第115号，2020年第84号，2021年第54号，2022年第62号，2023年第93号，2024年第78号，2025年第148号），将规则整合为一份现行文本。
  • The facilitation measures cover the full chain — inbound declaration, inspection and supervision, and post-expo disposal — and focus on tax treatment for exhibits, security-deposit models and inspection and quarantine convenience for overseas exhibitors.
    便利措施覆盖全链条——展品入境申报、查验监管与展后处置——并聚焦展品税收待遇、担保模式以及面向境外参展企业的检验检疫便利。
  • The guide is drafted on the experience of the previous eight expos, standardising procedures that overseas exhibitors, logistics agents and customs brokers must follow to move goods into the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) and back out afterwards.
    通关须知在前八届办展经验基础上起草，将境外参展商、物流代理与报关行把货物运入国家会展中心（上海）及展后复运出境的程序统一规范化。
  • For companies exhibiting at CIIE 2026, the practical task is to align forwarders and brokers with the current guide, confirm which temporary-import and tax arrangements apply to their exhibit categories, and file in the timeframes the announcement sets.
    对计划参展第九届进博会的企业而言，实操要点是让货代与报关行对齐现行须知，确认展品类别适用的临时进出口与税收安排，并按公告设定的时限完成申报。
  • The announcement is effective from 1 September 2026, giving exhibitors roughly two months to prepare before the expo opens.
    公告自2026年9月1日起施行，为参展企业留出约两个月的准备期。

Ninth CIIE customs guide released: GACC Announcement 2026 No. 128 | 第九届进博会海关通关须知发布：海关总署2026年第128号公告解读

Overview

On 1 September 2026 the General Administration of Customs (GACC) published Announcement 2026 No. 128 — on releasing the Customs Clearance Guide for the 2026 Ninth China International Import Expo and the customs facilitation measures supporting the expo (关于发布《2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会海关通关须知》和《海关支持2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会便利措施》的公告). The ninth CIIE will be held at the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) from 5 to 10 November 2026.

The announcement does two things at once. First, it sets out, in two attachments, the operational guide that exhibitors and their agents must follow when moving exhibition goods into and out of the expo. Second, it repeals nine earlier announcements that had governed each of the previous eight editions — 2018 Nos. 55 and 76, 2019 No. 115, 2020 No. 84, 2021 No. 54, 2022 No. 62, 2023 No. 93, 2024 No. 78 and 2025 No. 148 — consolidating the customs regime for the CIIE into one current text that applies from 1 September 2026.

What the guide covers

The Customs Clearance Guide and the facilitation measures were drafted after reviewing the experience of the first eight expos. Together they establish operating norms across the whole lifecycle of exhibition goods:

  • Inbound declaration. The procedures for declaring exhibition goods entering China for the expo, including the documentation, licensing and permit requirements that apply to different categories of exhibits.
  • Inspection and supervision. How customs inspects and supervises the goods while they are on site, including the treatment of goods that require inspection and quarantine clearance, and the arrangements for moving goods into the venue.
  • Post-expo disposal. The rules for what happens after the expo closes: re-export of exhibits, domestic sale or donation of goods where permitted, destruction where required, and the associated duty treatment.

The package also addresses the tax treatment of exhibits, the security-deposit (担保) models available to exhibitors and their agents, and inspection and quarantine convenience designed around the practical pain points that overseas exhibitors have reported in previous years.

Why consolidation matters

For the first eight expos, customs rules were issued edition by edition, so an exhibitor returning year after year faced a stack of overlapping announcements. Announcement 2026 No. 128 collapses that history into a single document. The practical benefits are:

  • one current text to share with freight forwarders and customs brokers, rather than a chain of historical references;
  • consistent classification and declaration treatment across participating companies, reducing the risk that different agents apply different versions of the rules; and
  • a clean baseline for the 2026 expo specifically, which matters because each expo edition has its own timing, catalogue and operational arrangements.

Tax and facilitation highlights

Drawing on prior editions, the facilitation package is built around lowering the institutional cost of exhibiting:

  • Tax treatment for exhibits. Goods brought in for exhibition remain subject to the temporary import and duty arrangements that apply to the CIIE, with the specific treatment depending on the exhibit category and what happens to the goods afterwards (re-export, sale or donation).
  • Security-deposit models. Flexible guarantee arrangements are intended to reduce the cash-flow burden on exhibitors while customs exposure is properly covered.
  • Inspection and quarantine convenience. Streamlined procedures for exhibits needing inspection and quarantine are designed to get goods into the venue faster and to avoid delays at the border.
  • Regulatory modernisation. The measures reflect the operational experience built up over eight editions, including the shift toward pre-declaration and coordinated processing that has progressively shortened clearance times for expo goods.

What exhibitors should do before November

For overseas companies planning to exhibit at the ninth CIIE — or to send goods to the expo through a local agent — the practical checklist is:

  • Obtain the current text. Ask the customs broker or freight forwarder for GACC Announcement 2026 No. 128 and its two attachments so that everyone works from the same 2026 document.
  • Classify exhibits early. Confirm the customs classification of each exhibit item and check the licensing or permit requirements that apply, especially for goods that are regulated or subject to inspection and quarantine.
  • Choose the guarantee route. Discuss the security-deposit options with the agent and decide which model fits your shipment profile before goods leave the origin country.
  • Plan the disposal outcome. Decide in advance whether exhibits will be re-exported, sold or donated after the expo, because the duty treatment and procedures differ by outcome.
  • Align the timeline. The announcement is effective from 1 September 2026; book the logistics chain so that declaration files can be prepared and submitted within the timeframes the guide sets.

Sources

  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 海关总署公告2026年第128号（关于发布《2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会海关通关须知》和《海关支持2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会便利措施》的公告）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/2026-09/02/article_2026090214402114818.html
  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 政务公告（2026年第122–129号列表）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/
  • 凤凰网财经/腾讯新闻 — 海关总署发布第九届进博会通关便利措施，前八届相关公告废止: https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260902A0DEJE00

Related reading

  • see also: Declaring psychotropic drug imports and exports — NMPA-GACC Announcement 2026 No. 84 (368-psychotropic-drug-import-export)
  • see also: “One form, two declarations”: the mainland–Hong Kong road manifest reform (334-mainland-hk-road-manifest)

第九届进博会海关通关须知发布：海关总署2026年第128号公告解读

概述

2026年9月1日，海关总署发布2026年第128号公告——《关于发布〈2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会海关通关须知〉和〈海关支持2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会便利措施〉的公告》。第九届中国国际进口博览会将于2026年11月5日至10日在国家会展中心（上海）举办。

本公告同时做两件事。其一，以两份附件形式发布操作性指南，规范参展企业及其代理将展品运入、运出进博会的流程。其二，一次性废止此前适用于前八届进博会的9份公告——2018年第55、76号，2019年第115号，2020年第84号，2021年第54号，2022年第62号，2023年第93号，2024年第78号，2025年第148号——把进博会海关制度整合为一份自2026年9月1日起施行的现行文本。

通关须知涵盖什么

通关须知与便利措施在总结前八届办展经验的基础上起草，共同确立展品全生命周期的操作规范：

  • 入境申报。 展品进境参展的申报程序，包括不同类别展品适用的单证、许可证与准许要求。
  • 查验与监管。 展品在场期间的查验监管安排，包括需检验检疫放行的货物处理方式，以及货物进入展馆的调配。
  • 展后处置。 展会结束后的处置规则：展品复运出境、依规内销或捐赠、须销毁的情形，以及相应税收处理。

整套文件还回应展品税收待遇、参展企业及其代理可用的担保模式，以及围绕境外参展企业往年反映的实际痛点设计的检验检疫便利。

为何整合如此重要

前八届进博会的海关规则逐届发布，常年返场参展的企业面对的是层层叠叠的历史公告。2026年第128号公告将这段历史压缩为一份文件。实际好处在于：

  • 与货代和报关行共享一份现行文本，而非一长串历史引注；
  • 参展企业的归类与申报处理口径一致，降低不同代理适用不同版本规则的风险；
  • 为2026年当届提供干净的基准——因为每届进博会在时间、目录与运营安排上各有不同。

税收与便利要点

汲取历届经验，便利化方案围绕降低参展制度性成本展开：

  • 展品税收待遇。 参展进境货物继续适用进博会相应的临时进出口与税收安排，具体待遇取决于展品类别及展后去向（复运出境、内销或捐赠）。
  • 担保模式。 灵活的担保安排意在减轻参展企业资金占用，同时妥善覆盖海关风险敞口。
  • 检验检疫便利。 需检验检疫展品的流程被简化，使货物更快进入展馆，避免口岸滞留。
  • 监管现代化。 措施反映八届办展积累的运营经验，包括以预申报与协同办理缩短展品通关时间的趋势。

参展企业11月前应做什么

对计划参展第九届进博会、或通过本地代理向进博会发运货物的境外企业，实用清单如下：

  • 取得现行文本。 请报关行或货代提供2026年第128号公告及两份附件，确保各方以同一份2026年文件为准。
  • 尽早归类展品。 确认每项展品的海关归类，核对适用的许可证与准许要求——尤其对受管制或须检验检疫的货物。
  • 选定担保路径。 与代理讨论担保选项，在货物离境前确定适合本批货型的模式。
  • 规划展后去向。 提前决定展品展后是复运出境、内销还是捐赠，因为税收待遇与程序因去向而异。
  • 对齐时间表。 公告自2026年9月1日生效；提前排布物流链条，确保申报文件能在须知设定的时限内准备并提交。

来源

  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 海关总署公告2026年第128号（关于发布《2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会海关通关须知》和《海关支持2026年第九届中国国际进口博览会便利措施》的公告）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/2026-09/02/article_2026090214402114818.html
  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 政务公告（2026年第122–129号列表）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/
  • 凤凰网财经/腾讯新闻 — 海关总署发布第九届进博会通关便利措施，前八届相关公告废止: https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260902A0DEJE00

相关阅读

  • 见：药用类精神药品进出口申报新规——国家药监局 海关总署2026年第84号公告（368-psychotropic-drug-import-export）
  • 见：”一单两报”：内地与香港公路舱单申报改革（334-mainland-hk-road-manifest）
Bonded Logistics / 保税物流

Aviation bonded maintenance gets a national push: nine-department opinion, 13 measures

  • Nine central departments — led by the Ministry of Commerce — issued the Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of Aviation Bonded Maintenance on 27 August 2026, setting out 13 measures across six areas and removing the regional restriction on bonded aircraft-repair operations.
    2026年8月27日，商务部等九部门发布《关于促进航空保税维修高质量发展的意见》，围绕六个方面提出13项措施，取消航空保税维修业务的区域范围限制。
  • The aviation bonded-maintenance product catalogue is expanded, and qualified repairers are defined as independent legal persons holding a CAAC maintenance licence, or enterprises authorised by civil-aviation authorities to accept repairs on their behalf.
    航空保税维修产品目录进一步扩大；开展维修的企业被界定为持有中国民用航空维修许可证的独立法人，或经民航主管部门批准、接受上述企业委托开展维修的企业。
  • New tax incentives: bonded maintenance may apply export VAT refund (exemption) treatment, and products that stay in China instead of being re-exported may be sold domestically after airworthiness certification under the stated duty rules.
    财税激励明确：保税维修业务可按规定适用出口退（免）税政策；维修后产品不复运出境转为内销的，在获得相关适航证明后可依规办理内销手续并按规定计税。
  • Supervision is streamlined: partial processes may be outsourced to qualified firms, replaced airworthy components may circulate domestically after duty payment or be kept as spares under bonded management, and one import permit covers the return-and-lease cycle for domestic jobs.
    监管更加便利：部分工序可外发至具备资质的企业；替换下具备再利用价值的航材经检测维修并获适航证明后，可完税在国内流通或转为备用件纳入保税管理；承接国内业务的维修产品返区再次租赁仅需一次进口许可。
  • The rule links into bonded-logistics hubs: new aviation repair enterprises are encouraged to locate in comprehensive bonded zones, where local management committees co-evaluate projects together with customs, commerce, ecology and civil-aviation authorities.
    新规与保税物流枢纽深度衔接：鼓励新增航空维修企业优先向综合保税区布局，区内项目由管委会会同商务、生态环境、海关、民航等部门评估支持。
  • For foreign MRO providers and parts suppliers the opinion widens the addressable China market — domestic sale of repaired goods, movement of used airworthy parts, and lower cross-border logistics friction all become easier under bonded arrangements.
    对外资维修商与航材供应商而言，意见拓宽了可参与的中国市场：修理后货物内销、可用旧件流转以及保税安排下的跨境物流摩擦下降，均变得更加便利。

Aviation bonded maintenance gets a national push: nine-department opinion, 13 measures | 航空保税维修迎来国家级政策礼包：九部门意见13项举措解读

Overview

On 27 August 2026 the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) released the Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of Aviation Bonded Maintenance (商务部等9部门关于促进航空保税维修高质量发展的意见), jointly issued by MOFCOM, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs (GACC), the State Taxation Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). Dated 19 August 2026, the document contains 13 measures in six areas and asks every relevant department and locality to treat aviation bonded maintenance as an important opening-up policy to be advanced quickly.

Aviation maintenance is technology- and value-intensive and tightly regulated. The rationale stated in the document is straightforward: promoting bonded aircraft repair strengthens international exchange and cooperation in civil-aircraft maintenance, lifts the level of the domestic MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul) industry, and underpins safe and stable civil-aviation operations.

Background: an industry worth USD 60 billion

MOFCOM spokesperson Huang Ling told the regular press briefing that China’s civil-aviation fleet is now the second-largest in the world, and demand for maintenance of aircraft and components is rising fast. The supporting data are striking: of the country’s 37 aviation bonded-maintenance projects, the sector accounts for 12% of bonded-maintenance project numbers yet 85% of the import-export value, reaching USD 60 billion in 2025. Bonded maintenance has therefore become a disproportionate contributor to trade value, and the policy is designed to push it further.

What the 13 measures do

1. Stronger support for aviation bonded maintenance

  • Wider product scope. The aviation bonded-maintenance product catalogue is expanded.
  • No regional restriction. Enterprises may conduct catalogue business both inside and outside comprehensive bonded zones — the previous geographic limitation is removed.
  • Encouraged location. New aviation repair enterprises are encouraged to set up in comprehensive bonded zones.
  • Who may operate. The definition of an eligible repairer is pinned down: an independent legal person holding a CAAC civil-aircraft maintenance licence, or an enterprise approved by civil-aviation authorities to carry out maintenance on behalf of such licence holders.

2. Fiscal, tax and financial support

  • Domestic sale after repair. Where a repaired product is not re-exported but sold domestically, after obtaining the relevant airworthiness certification it may be sold under national rules. For repairs inside a comprehensive bonded zone, duty is levied on the goods in their actual inspected state after repair (import duty, import VAT and consumption tax); for repairs under bonded maintenance outside the zone, the importer tops up import duty, import VAT and consumption tax on the bonded goods’ first-line import state, and domestic-link VAT and consumption tax are levied in the normal way.
  • Export refund (exemption). Bonded maintenance and outward processing repair services may apply export VAT refund (exemption) treatment in accordance with the rules.
  • Financial linkage. Fiscal and insurance-based financial policies are coordinated to improve export-credit-insurance appetite and service quality for aviation bonded maintenance.

3. More convenient supervision

  • Outsourced processes. A bonded repair enterprise may send part of its process to enterprises with the appropriate qualifications; the repaired products and the old or defective parts must all be returned to the original commissioning enterprise.
  • Replaced parts can circulate. Airworthy materials replaced during maintenance that retain reuse value may — after testing, repair and airworthiness certification — circulate domestically after duty payment, or be converted into spare parts under bonded management, instead of being re-exported or destroyed.
  • One permit for the lease cycle. Where a repair enterprise in a customs special supervision zone takes on domestic aviation bonded-maintenance work and the repaired product returns outside the zone for further leasing, only one import licence is needed after airworthiness certification.

4. Greener development

Enterprises are encouraged to increase the share of low- (zero-) VOC products in aviation bonded maintenance and, for technically mature processes, to use low- (zero-) VOC raw and auxiliary materials throughout.

5. Talent support

Localities are encouraged to include aviation-maintenance occupations in vocational-skills training guidance catalogues. Aviation-maintenance training institutions inside comprehensive bonded zones may carry out bonded training business. Old and defective parts replaced during bonded maintenance may be used to make training aids and equipment without being classified as solid waste. Foreign personnel coming to China for aviation-maintenance training exchanges may apply for appropriately extended stay or residence periods.

6. Full-chain dynamic management

  • Project evaluation. Bonded-maintenance projects inside comprehensive bonded zones are evaluated and supported by the zone’s management committee (or the administrative body stationed by the local government) together with local commerce, ecology-and-environment, customs and civil-aviation authorities. Projects in free-trade zones and other areas are evaluated by the provincial (including separately listed city) commerce authority together with the same counterparts, which bears the primary regulatory responsibility. Other requirements follow the current bonded-maintenance management rules.
  • Traceability. Enterprises must have an information-management system (ERP) networked with customs and other departments, enabling full traceability of material consumption in their operations.
  • Domestic sale discipline. Goods qualified for domestic sale during bonded maintenance may be sold inland after licence verification and compliance with supervision requirements — except goods whose import is prohibited by the state and restricted goods not permitted for import.
  • Solid waste. Solid waste generated during bonded maintenance is managed under domestic solid-waste rules.
  • CAAC oversight. Civil-aviation authorities at each level dynamically manage repair enterprises and support the evaluation work; repair enterprises must inform commissioning parties of their approved repair-product scope and must not operate beyond it.

What it means for foreign companies

Aviation bonded maintenance sits at the intersection of China’s MRO market and its bonded-logistics infrastructure. The main takeaways for foreign participants:

  • A bigger, clearer addressable market. The expanded catalogue and the removal of the regional restriction mean a foreign MRO operator’s China joint venture or subsidiary can service aircraft on a nationwide basis under bonded arrangements, not just inside a specific zone.
  • Revenue beyond pure export. Previously, bonded repair was largely a “repair and re-export” model. The domestic-sale pathway after airworthiness certification, and the circulation of replaced airworthy parts after duty payment, open domestic demand for repaired goods and used parts — historically an area where the rules were ambiguous.
  • Lower logistics friction. Process outsourcing and the single-import-permit lease cycle reduce the cost of moving work and goods across borders, which matters for foreign enterprises with captive repair lines or parts-exchange programmes.
  • Comprehensive bonded zones remain the anchor. New entrants are steered toward comprehensive bonded zones, where the land, VAT and customs infrastructure already exists. A foreign MRO firm assessing where in China to base its repair line should weigh zone incentives, labour availability and the new ERP traceability requirement together.
  • Compliance expectations are higher. Full-process traceability (ERP networked with customs), solid-waste handling under domestic rules, and strict scope discipline mean foreign investors should build compliance into the business case from day one.

Practical steps

  • Review whether your product lines fall within the expanded aviation bonded-maintenance catalogue and which zone or free-trade-area location best fits the business model (zone-inside vs. zone-outside duty treatment differs).
  • Map the ERP and traceability upgrades needed to meet the customs-networked information-system requirement before applying for or renewing project status.
  • Model the economics of the new domestic-sale and used-airworthy-parts pathways: duty treatment differs depending on whether the repair occurs inside or outside a comprehensive bonded zone.
  • Check CAAC licence scope and the approved repair-product list, and update commercial contracts so commissioning parties are clearly informed of the approved scope.
  • For talent planning, factor in bonded training inside zones and the extended stay/residence possibilities for training-exchange personnel.

Sources

  • 商务部 — 商务部等9部门关于促进航空保税维修高质量发展的意见（全文）: https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/zcfb/dwmygl/art/2026/art_b91279d04501446abbb89edbc2a67cbe.html
  • 中国（河北）自由贸易试验区 — 事关航空保税维修，商务部等九部门发布13项促进措施: http://ftz.hebei.gov.cn/src/page/newsDetail.html?id=9018b52a0c6a49d68480127cf03b9d9c
  • 经济参考网 — 九部门加大支持力度 航空保税维修迎政策礼包: http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/20260828/722e7b0c354b4cb495cc2109897e1ffd/c.html

Related reading

  • see also: Comprehensive bonded zone reforms extended to Type B bonded logistics centres (328-comprehensive-bonded-zone-type-b)
  • see also: RCEP origin benefits in practice — 2026 customs clarifications (316-rcep-origin-clarifications)

航空保税维修迎来国家级政策礼包：九部门意见13项举措解读

概述

2026年8月27日，商务部官网发布《关于促进航空保税维修高质量发展的意见》（商务部等9部门）。文件由商务部、国家发展改革委、工业和信息化部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、生态环境部、海关总署、税务总局、中国民航局九部门联合印发（落款日期2026年8月19日），围绕六个方面提出13项措施，并要求各相关部门和单位将航空保税维修作为一项重要开放政策加快推动。

航空维修技术含量和附加值高，对企业和产品管理严格。文件给出的理由直白：促进航空保税维修高质量发展，有利于加强航空维修国际交流与合作，提升民航维修产业发展水平，保障民航运输安全稳定运行。

背景：一个600亿美元规模的行业

商务部新闻发言人黄玲在例行发布会上介绍，中国民航运输业快速发展，机队规模居全球第二位，飞机及零部件维护修理需求日益增长。配套数据颇具说服力：全国37个航空保税维修项目，以保税维修行业12%的项目数贡献了85%的进出口货值，2025年达到600亿美元。保税维修由此成为进出口货值中不成比例的重要贡献者，政策意在进一步推动其发展。

13项举措做了什么

一、加大航空保税维修支持力度

  • 扩大产品范围。 航空保税维修产品目录范围进一步扩大。
  • 取消区域限制。 综合保税区内、外均可开展航空保税维修业务——此前的区域范围限制被取消。
  • 引导布局。 鼓励新增航空维修企业优先向综合保税区布局。
  • 界定企业范围。 明确开展维修的企业为持有中国民用航空维修许可证的独立法人，或经民航主管部门批准、接受该类企业委托开展航空维修业务的企业。

二、加强财税、金融政策支持

  • 修后产品可内销。 航空保税维修后的产品不复运出境转为内销的，在获得相关适航证明后可按国家有关规定办理内销手续。综合保税区内维修后产品内销，以修理后货物的实际报验状态照章征收进口关税、进口环节增值税和消费税；综合保税区外保税维修后产品内销，按保税货物一线进口状态补缴进口关税、进口环节增值税和消费税，并照章征收国内环节增值税、消费税。
  • 适用出口退（免）税。 保税维修等对外修理修配服务，可按规定适用出口退（免）税政策。
  • 财政金融联动。 加强财政与保险等金融政策联动，提升出口信保对航空保税维修业务的承保积极性和服务质效。

三、提升监管便利化水平

  • 工序可外发。 航空保税维修企业可将部分工序外发至具有相应资质条件的企业，维修后产品及旧件、坏件等须全部复运至原委托企业。
  • 换下航材可流通。 航空保税维修替换下的具备再利用价值的航材，经检测维修并获得相关适航证明后，无需复运出境或销毁处置，可完税后在国内流通，或转为备用件纳入保税管理。
  • 修后租赁一次许可。 海关特殊监管区域内航空维修企业承接来自国内的航空保税维修业务，维修后的产品返回境内区外再次开展租赁服务的，在获得相关适航证明后，只办理一次进口许可。

四、支持绿色化发展

鼓励在航空保税维修业务中提高低（无）挥发性有机物（VOCs）含量产品的使用比重，支持企业对技术成熟环节全部使用低（无）VOCs含量原辅材料，提升环境保护水平。

五、增强人才保障能力

鼓励地方将航空维修相关职业纳入职业技能培训需求指导目录。支持综合保税区内航空维修培训机构开展保税培训业务。航空保税维修替换下的旧件、坏件等用于制作航空维修培训教具、设备的，不认定为固体废物。支持来华航空维修培训交流人员申请适当延长停居留期限。

六、加强全链条动态管理

  • 项目管理评估。 综合保税区内项目由综保区管委会（或地方政府派驻行政管理机构）会同当地商务、生态环境、海关、民航等部门评估支持；自贸试验区等其他区域项目由省级（含计划单列市）商务主管部门会同生态环境、海关、民航等部门评估支持并承担监管主体责任。其他要求参照现行保税维修管理规定执行。
  • 全流程可追溯。 开展航空保税维修的企业，须具备与海关等部门联网的信息化管理系统（ERP），实现业务耗用等信息的全流程可追溯。
  • 内销合规。 航空保税维修过程中具备内销条件的货物，经验核许可证件并符合相关监管要求的允许内销；属于国家禁止进口的和未经准许限制进口的货物不得内销。
  • 固废管理。 维修产生的固体废物按国内固体废物相关规定管理。
  • 民航动态监管。 各级民航管理机构对航空维修企业实施动态管理，配合做好评估工作；航空保税维修企业应向业务委托方告知其获批准的维修产品范围，严禁超范围开展业务。

对外国企业的意义

航空保税维修正处于中国MRO市场与保税物流基础设施的交汇点。外国参与者的主要看点：

  • 市场更大、规则更清晰。 目录扩大与区域限制取消，意味着外资维修商的中国合资公司或子公司可在全国范围以保税方式提供维修服务，而不只限于某一特定区域。
  • 收入来源不止出口。 过去保税维修基本是”修理再出境”模式。如今获得适航证明后的内销路径、以及完税后可用旧件的流通路径，打开了修理后货物与可用旧件的内需市场——这一领域过去规则模糊。
  • 跨境物流摩擦下降。 工序外发与租赁周期一次进口许可，降低了工件与货物跨境流动的成本，对拥有自有维修线或部件交换计划的外资企业尤其重要。
  • 综合保税区仍是锚点。 新增企业被引导至综合保税区，那里已具备土地、增值税与海关监管基础设施。外资MRO企业评估维修线设址时，应统筹区内激励、劳动力可得性与新的ERP追溯要求。
  • 合规要求更高。 全流程可追溯（ERP与海关联网）、固废按国内规则管理、业务范围严格纪律，都意味着外资投资者应从立项之初就把合规纳入商业方案。

实务建议

  • 判断自身产品线是否落入扩围后的航空保税维修产品目录，以及综保区内、区外哪种布局更契合业务模式（两者内销计税方式不同）。
  • 对照海关联网的信息化系统要求，在申请或续展项目资质前规划ERP与追溯能力升级。
  • 测算新内销路径与可用旧件路径的经济性：计税方式取决于维修发生在综保区内还是区外。
  • 核对中国民航维修许可证范围与获批维修产品清单，更新商业合同，使委托方清晰知晓获批范围。
  • 人才规划上，可考虑综保区内保税培训以及培训交流人员的停居留延长可能。

来源

  • 商务部 — 商务部等9部门关于促进航空保税维修高质量发展的意见（全文）: https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/zcfb/dwmygl/art/2026/art_b91279d04501446abbb89edbc2a67cbe.html
  • 中国（河北）自由贸易试验区 — 事关航空保税维修，商务部等九部门发布13项促进措施: http://ftz.hebei.gov.cn/src/page/newsDetail.html?id=9018b52a0c6a49d68480127cf03b9d9c
  • 经济参考网 — 九部门加大支持力度 航空保税维修迎政策礼包: http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/20260828/722e7b0c354b4cb495cc2109897e1ffd/c.html

相关阅读

  • 见：综合保税区改革向B型保税物流中心推广（328-comprehensive-bonded-zone-type-b）
  • 见：RCEP原产地优惠实操——2026年海关政策澄清（316-rcep-origin-clarifications）
Financial License / 金融牌照

China’s new asset-liability management rules for insurers: NFRA Measures 2026 explained

  • The National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) issued the Measures for the Asset-Liability Management of Insurance Companies (Order No. 4 of 2026, published 20 August 2026), a 46-article rule in six chapters that takes effect on 1 January 2027 and replaces the 2018 interim framework.
    国家金融监督管理总局发布《保险公司资产负债管理办法》（2026年第4号令，2026年8月20日公布），共6章46条，自2027年1月1日起施行，取代2018年的暂行办法框架。
  • The Measures set three management objectives — duration-structure matching, cost-yield matching and liquidity matching — and four principles: full coverage, reasonable matching, prudential soundness, and coordinated governance.
    《办法》确立三大管理目标——期限结构匹配、成本收益匹配、流动性匹配，并确立全面覆盖、合理匹配、稳健审慎、统筹协调四项原则。
  • Governance is formalised as a tiered structure: the board of directors bears ultimate responsibility, senior management leads directly, a designated department coordinates, functional departments cooperate, and internal audit supervises.
    治理结构被规范化分层：董事会负最终责任、高级管理层直接领导、牵头部门统筹协调、职能部门相互协作、内部审计检查监督。
  • New regulatory indicators with explicit thresholds and monitoring indicators with differentiated early-warning bands are introduced, aligned with the new accounting standards and solvency rules that took full effect in 2026.
    《办法》结合2026年全面实施的新会计准则与偿付能力规则，设立带有明确阈值的资产负债监管指标，并新增设差异化预警区间的监测指标。
  • An accompanying implementation notice allows insurers whose regulatory indicators are not yet met a three-year transition period, subject to a board-approved catch-up plan filed with the regulator.
    配套的实施通知允许监管指标暂不达标的保险公司设置3年过渡期，需制定经董事会批准并报监管部门的达标规划。
  • For foreign-invested insurers, the rule matters most for long-duration savings and annuity books in a low-yield environment, where liability cost discipline and investment matching will be tested against uniform national standards.
    对外资保险公司而言，新规的意义集中体现在低利率环境下长期储蓄与年金业务上：负债成本纪律与投资匹配将按全国统一标准接受检验。

China’s new asset-liability management rules for insurers: NFRA Measures 2026 explained | 中国保险公司资产负债管理新规：2026年《办法》解读

Overview

On 20 August 2026, the National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) published the Measures for the Asset-Liability Management of Insurance Companies (保险公司资产负债管理办法, NFRA Order No. 4 of 2026, hereinafter “the Measures”), together with an implementation notice titled *Matters Concerning the Implementation of the Measures*. The rule, which takes effect on 1 January 2027, upgrades the 2018 *Interim Measures for the Supervision of Insurance Asset-Liability Management* and five supporting regulatory rules into a single formal framework of six chapters and 46 articles.

Asset-liability management (ALM) in the insurance context means the process by which an insurer formulates, executes, evaluates and adjusts the policies and procedures governing its assets and liabilities, in line with its development strategy, operating objectives and risk appetite, so as to keep assets and liabilities reasonably matched and reduce mismatch risk. The Measures convert that description from an internal-management ideal into a set of enforceable governance, process and indicator requirements.

Why the rules were rewritten

NFRA explains the background in its official Q&A. First, the State Council’s 2024 opinions on strengthening supervision, preventing risks and promoting high-quality development of the insurance industry expressly called for “reinforcing joint asset-liability supervision”. Second, the prolonged low-interest-rate environment requires insurers to strengthen their ALM governance structures, policies and procedures. Third, 2026 is the year China’s insurance industry fully applies the new accounting standards (the CAS 22/23/24 family aligned with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17); because the recalibration changes how asset-liability matching indicators are measured, interest-rate volatility now has a significantly larger effect on both sides of the balance sheet.

The drafting was problem-oriented. Regulators identified four gaps in the previous regime: asset and liability management conducted in isolation, unclear policies and procedures, indicators lacking supervisory standards, and insufficient supervisory measures. The Measures are designed to close those gaps while reflecting economic value — the matching indicators and stress scenarios are meant to reveal an insurer’s true economic value and risk level rather than artefacts of rule design or artificial assumptions.

Objectives and management principles

Article 4 of the Measures defines the three core ALM objectives:

  • Duration-structure matching (期限结构匹配): maintaining a reasonable match between asset cash flows and liability cash flows over a long horizon, enhancing the company’s economic value and guarding against interest-rate risk and reinvestment risk.
  • Cost-yield matching (成本收益匹配): ensuring asset returns cover liability costs with sustainable profitability, guarding against spread-loss (利差损) risk.
  • Liquidity matching (流动性匹配): ensuring the insurer can obtain sufficient funds in the short term to pay maturing debts or meet other payment obligations, guarding against liquidity risk.

Article 5 then states the four governing principles:

  1. Full coverage — ALM covers all assets and liabilities in the insurer’s general account, managing them as an integrated whole while accommodating the different characteristics of each liability class through differentiated asset-allocation policies.
  2. Reasonable matching — matching must be commensurate with the company’s development strategy, risk appetite, capital strength and management capability; mismatch risk must be kept within reasonable bounds.
  3. Prudential soundness — assets and future income must be able to cover the insurer’s obligations to policyholders, insureds and beneficiaries, capital requirements and other responsibilities; on the liability side this means a long-term, steady business philosophy and optimised liability structure; on the asset side it means long-term, prudent value investing that respects safety, liquidity and profitability.
  4. Coordinated governance — ALM must balance economic value, profitability, liquidity and solvency requirements, reflect the mutual influence of assets and liabilities, and consider correlations among asset classes and among products or business lines.

For a foreign-invested life insurer in China, these principles matter because they formally anchor “liability-first” discipline: the investment team can no longer be optimised purely for return when liability costs and policyholder obligations are not simultaneously managed.

Governance structure: who owns ALM

Chapter 2 prescribes a tiered governance system. The board of directors bears ultimate responsibility; senior management directly leads; a designated ALM lead department coordinates; functional departments cooperate; and the internal audit department supervises. The practical consequence is that ALM can no longer live in one silo — product pricing, investment, finance and risk functions must share a common framework with clear owners at each level.

The Measures also require insurers to formulate an ALM plan and to strengthen the asset-liability link across business planning and product development, product pricing management, insurance business management, asset-allocation policy, major investments and entrusted investments. Insurers must carry out stress testing and look-back analysis, prepare regular reports, and adjust the ALM plan in a timely manner.

Regulatory indicators and monitoring indicators

Chapter 4 introduces two layers of metrics:

  • Regulatory indicators (监管指标), aligned with the new accounting standards and solvency rules, with clearly defined thresholds. These are the hard numbers on which supervision will focus.
  • Monitoring indicators (监测指标), a set of additional metrics with differentiated early-warning bands designed to increase sensitivity so that deterioration is visible before it becomes critical.

For insurers with foreign shareholders, the important point is that indicator definitions are now uniform nationally. Local-option accounting and measurement choices that previously produced divergent ALM pictures will be normalised, which is generally helpful for group-level reporting and for head-office understanding of the China entity’s true risk profile.

Supervision, reporting and the three-year transition

Chapter 5 sets out the supervisory toolkit: information reporting, third-party review, capability assessment, and the power to take regulatory measures or impose administrative penalties depending on the circumstances. In parallel, the implementation notice issued on the same day addresses reporting and transition arrangements. Insurers whose regulatory indicators are not yet met may be allowed a three-year transition period; they must prepare a catch-up plan with a clear timetable, obtain board approval, and file it with the regulator, which will track and evaluate progress during the transition.

What this means for foreign-invested insurers

The Measures apply to all commercial insurers established within China under the Insurance Law — property and casualty as well as life — including subsidiaries and branches of foreign groups. Practical implications for foreign-invested insurers include:

  • Product pricing and investment must be jointly governed. The requirement to strengthen the asset-liability link across pricing, product development and asset allocation institutionalises what well-run foreign insurers already do, but now with regulatory expectations attached to each node of the process.
  • Long-duration savings and annuity portfolios come under sharper scrutiny. In a low-yield environment, the cost-yield matching objective directly targets spread-loss risk on guaranteed-rate products. Foreign life insurers writing traditional savings and annuity products should re-test pricing assumptions against the new indicators well before the 1 January 2027 effective date.
  • Governance documentation needs updating. Board-level ultimate responsibility and internal-audit oversight mean committees, terms of reference and reporting lines in the China entity should be reviewed so the tiered structure is explicit and auditable.
  • Indicator readiness is a 2026 workstream. Although the Measures take effect on 1 January 2027, the new accounting standards are already in force in 2026; insurers should use the intervening months to run the new regulatory and monitoring indicators in parallel so that any gap can be addressed inside the three-year transition rather than after it.
  • Groups can expect more comparable local reporting. Uniform indicator definitions make it easier for foreign parent companies to consolidate and compare the China entity with operations elsewhere.

Practical steps

  • Map current ALM governance (board, senior management, lead department, functional owners, internal audit) against Chapter 2 of the Measures and close any gaps in written terms of reference.
  • Run a preliminary computation of the new regulatory and monitoring indicators against 2026 data; identify which thresholds are at risk.
  • If indicators are not met, prepare a board-approved catch-up plan with a timetable, ready to file with NFRA and its local offices.
  • Re-test pricing and product-development governance for savings and annuity lines against the cost-yield matching objective, including stress scenarios and look-back analysis.
  • Align internal reporting calendars with the new information-reporting obligations so that the 2027 reporting cycle is not a scramble.

Sources

  • 中国政府网 — 金融监管总局发文着力提升保险业资产负债管理水平（新华社）: https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/202608/content_7078878.htm
  • 国家金融监督管理总局 — 《保险公司资产负债管理办法》（令2026年第4号全文）: https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/governmentDetail.html?docId=1268952
  • 国家金融监督管理总局 — 有关司局就《保险公司资产负债管理办法》答记者问: https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1268958
  • 央视网财经 — 保险业迎资产负债管理新规: https://finance.cctv.cn/2026/08/24/ARTIK9AIPJ4OtMXccVBrILlJ260824.shtml

Related reading

  • see also: Foreign institutions and China’s capital markets — August 2026 opening snapshot (344-foreign-institutions-capital-markets)
  • see also: Financial sector opening measures for foreign institutions (55-financial-sector-opening)

中国保险公司资产负债管理新规：2026年《办法》解读

概述

2026年8月20日，国家金融监督管理总局（下称”金融监管总局”）发布《保险公司资产负债管理办法》（2026年第4号令，下称《办法》），并同步印发《关于实施〈保险公司资产负债管理办法〉有关事项的通知》。《办法》共6章46条，自2027年1月1日起施行，将2018年《保险资产负债管理监管暂行办法》及五项监管规则升级为一部统一的正式规章。

保险业语境下的资产负债管理，是指保险公司根据发展战略、经营目标和风险偏好，制定、执行、评估和调整资产负债相关政策和程序，维持资产与负债的合理匹配，降低资产负债错配风险。《办法》将这一描述从”内部管理理念”转化为一组可执行的治理、流程与指标要求。

为何重修规则

金融监管总局在官方答记者问中说明了背景。其一，2024年《国务院关于加强监管防范风险推动保险业高质量发展的若干意见》明确提出”强化资产负债联动监管”。其二，长期低利率环境要求保险公司完善资产负债管理治理结构、政策和程序，加强资产负债协调联动。其三，2026年中国保险业全面实施新会计准则（与IFRS 9、IFRS 17 对齐的 CAS 22/23/24 系列），资产负债匹配指标口径随之调整，利率波动对资产和负债两端的影响显著加大。

起草坚持问题导向。监管部门梳理出旧制度下的四类短板：资产与负债管理脱节、政策和程序不清晰、指标缺乏监管标准、监管措施不足。《办法》旨在补齐短板，同时着力反映经济价值——资产负债匹配指标及压力情景设置，意在反映公司真实经济价值和风险水平，减少因规则设定或人为假设造成的干扰。

管理目标与原则

《办法》第四条界定三大资产负债管理目标：

  • 期限结构匹配：维持资产现金流与负债现金流在较长期限结构上的合理匹配，提升公司经济价值，防范利率风险和再投资风险。
  • 成本收益匹配：资产收益能够覆盖负债成本，具备一定持续盈利能力，防范利差损风险。
  • 流动性匹配：短期内能够获得充足资金以支付到期债务或履行其他支付义务，防范流动性风险。

第五条继而确立四项管理原则：

  1. 全面覆盖——覆盖普通账户全部资产和负债，将资产与负债作为整体管理，同时兼顾不同负债类别特征，采取差异化资产配置政策。
  2. 合理匹配——匹配须与公司发展战略、风险偏好、资本实力和管理能力相适应，将错配程度维持在合理范围。
  3. 稳健审慎——资产和未来收入须能覆盖对投保人、被保险人或受益人的义务、资本要求及其他责任；负债端坚持长期稳健经营、优化负债结构，资产端坚持长期稳健价值投资，遵循安全性、流动性、收益性原则。
  4. 统筹协调——统筹经济价值、盈利能力、流动性和偿付能力要求等多维目标，反映资产与负债的相互影响，并考虑不同资产类别、产品与业务种类之间的相关性。

对外资寿险公司而言，这些原则的意义在于以正式制度固化”负债先行”纪律：当负债成本与保单义务未被同步管理时，投资团队不能再单纯为收益而优化。

治理结构：谁对资产负债管理负责

第二章规定了分层治理体系：董事会负最终责任，高级管理层直接领导，资产负债管理牵头部门统筹协调，职能部门相互协作，内部审计部门检查监督。实际操作层面的结果是：资产负债管理不能再囿于单一部门——产品定价、投资、财务与风险职能必须在统一框架下运行，并在每一层级有明确的责任人。

《办法》同时要求保险公司制定资产负债管理方案，并在业务规划和产品开发、产品定价管理、保险业务管理、资产配置政策、重大投资、委托投资等环节加强资产负债联动，开展压力测试和回溯分析，定期编制报告，并及时调整资产负债管理方案。

监管指标与监测指标

第四章引入两层指标：

  • 监管指标：结合新会计准则和偿付能力规则设立，明确指标阈值。这是监管关注的核心硬指标。
  • 监测指标：一组新增的补充指标，设置差异化预警区间，增强敏感性，使风险恶化在演变为危机前即可见。

对外资股东而言，关键在于指标口径现在全国统一。以往因会计与计量选择不同而呈现的差异化资产负债管理图景将被拉平，这通常有利于集团层面汇报，也有利于总部理解中国子公司的真实风险状况。

监督管理、报告与三年过渡期

第五章给出监管工具箱：信息报告、第三方审核、能力评估，以及视情形采取监管措施或依法实施行政处罚的权力。同日发布的实施通知明确了报告报送与过渡期安排。监管指标暂不达标的保险公司，允许设置3年过渡期；保险公司应制定达标规划，明确时间进度安排，经董事会批准并报监管部门后执行，监管部门在过渡期内跟踪评估。

对外资保险公司的意义

《办法》适用于依据《保险法》在中国境内设立的所有商业保险公司——财产险与人身险均含——包括外资集团的子公司与分支机构。对外资保险公司的实际影响包括：

  • 产品定价与投资须协同治理。 要求在定价、产品开发与资产配置各环节强化资产负债联动，这使运营规范的外资保险公司的既有做法制度化，且每个环节都承载监管预期。
  • 长期储蓄与年金业务受更严格审视。 低利率环境下，成本收益匹配目标直指保证利率产品的利差损风险。销售传统储蓄与年金产品的外资寿险公司，应在2027年1月1日生效日前尽早按新指标复核定价假设。
  • 治理文件需要更新。 董事会最终责任与内审监督意味着应审查中国实体的委员会设置、职责范围与汇报线，使分层结构清晰、可审计。
  • 指标就绪是2026年的工作线。 虽然《办法》2027年1月1日才生效，但新会计准则2026年已实施；保险公司应利用过渡月份并行试算新监管指标与监测指标，以便在三年过渡期内解决问题，而非拖到过渡期之后。
  • 集团可期待更可比的本地报告。 统一的指标口径使外资母公司更易合并并比较中国实体与其他地区的经营情况。

实务建议

  • 对照《办法》第二章梳理现有资产负债管理治理（董事会、高管、牵头部门、职能归属、内审），书面补齐职责分工缺口。
  • 以2026年数据初步试算新监管指标与监测指标，识别存在达标风险的阈值。
  • 若指标不达标，制定经董事会批准的达标规划并附时间表，备妥向金融监管总局及其派出机构报送。
  • 对照成本收益匹配目标复核储蓄与年金产品的定价和产品开发治理，包含压力情景与回溯分析。
  • 将内部报告日历与新信息报告义务对齐，避免2027年报告周期仓促应对。

来源

  • 中国政府网 — 金融监管总局发文着力提升保险业资产负债管理水平（新华社）: https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/202608/content_7078878.htm
  • 国家金融监督管理总局 — 《保险公司资产负债管理办法》（令2026年第4号全文）: https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/governmentDetail.html?docId=1268952
  • 国家金融监督管理总局 — 有关司局就《保险公司资产负债管理办法》答记者问: https://www.nfra.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=1268958
  • 央视网财经 — 保险业迎资产负债管理新规: https://finance.cctv.cn/2026/08/24/ARTIK9AIPJ4OtMXccVBrILlJ260824.shtml

相关阅读

  • 见：境外机构与中国资本市场——2026年8月的开放图景（344-foreign-institutions-capital-markets）
  • 见：金融业开放新措施（55-financial-sector-opening）
Green Energy / 绿色能源

China’s renewable consumption mandates take effect: Order No. 42 of 2026 explained

  • Four central bodies — NDRC, MIIT, MOHURD and MOT — issued Order No. 42 of 2026 on 5 June 2026, publishing the Measures for Renewable Energy Minimum Consumption Share Targets and the Renewable Energy Power Consumption Responsibility Weight System, effective 1 August 2026.
    国家发展改革委、工业和信息化部、住房城乡建设部、交通运输部于2026年6月5日以2026年第42号令公布《可再生能源消费最低比重目标和可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法》，自2026年8月1日起施行。
  • The Measures build two overlapping layers of obligation: minimum consumption-share targets for energy users in key energy-consuming industries, and renewable power consumption responsibility weights for each provincial-level region.
    《办法》构建两层叠加的约束体系：对重点用能行业能源用户设定可再生能源消费最低比重目标，对各省级行政区域设定可再生能源电力消纳责任权重。
  • For the first time, non-electric consumption is brought into the minimum-share assessment — including renewable heating and cooling, green hydrogen/ammonia/methanol and biofuel — extending the regime beyond the previous single focus on green power purchases.
    非电消费首次被纳入最低比重目标考核——涵盖可再生能源供热（制冷）、可再生能源制氢氨醇等综合利用、生物燃料——突破了此前单一考核绿电消费的格局。
  • The weights are optimised through region- and tier-based differentiation, strengthened medium- and long-term guidance, and firmer mandatory requirements, while the obsolete “excess consumption” and “incentive indicator” concepts are deleted.
    权重制度从实行分区分档、加强中长期引领、强化刚性要求三方面优化，同时删除”超额消纳量””激励性指标”等不再适用的内容。
  • Key industries already facing green-power share requirements include electrolytic aluminium, steel, cement, polysilicon and new data centres at national hub nodes; monitoring and assessment will expand across industry, construction and transport.
    已对电解铝、钢铁、水泥、多晶硅和国家枢纽节点新建数据中心等提出绿色电力消费比例要求；监测考核将向工业、建筑、交通等消费侧重点领域扩展。
  • For foreign-invested manufacturers and data-centre operators in China, the practical effect is a shift of compliance pressure to the electricity buyer: renewable-power purchase, on-site green generation, storage-supported consumption and green certificates all become levers for meeting hard, measurable targets.
    对在华外资制造商与数据中心运营者而言，实际影响是合规压力下移至用电方：购买绿电、就地绿电生产、以储能支撑消纳以及绿证，都成为满足硬性可度量目标的工具。

China’s renewable consumption mandates take effect: Order No. 42 of 2026 explained | 可再生能源消费硬考核落地：2026年第42号令实施办法解读

Overview

On 5 June 2026 the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) and the Ministry of Transport (MOT) jointly issued Order No. 42 of 2026, publishing the Measures for Renewable Energy Minimum Consumption Share Targets and the Renewable Energy Power Consumption Responsibility Weight System (可再生能源消费最低比重目标和可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法). The Measures took effect on 1 August 2026.

The legal base is the Energy Law and the Renewable Energy Law. The policy intent is to guide society toward preferring and actively consuming renewable energy, promote its high-quality development, and support the carbon-peak and carbon-neutrality goals. The mechanism turns those macro objectives into quantified, assessable obligations at two levels: energy users in key industries, and provincial-level regions.

Two layers of obligation

Layer 1 — Minimum consumption share targets for energy users

The Measures establish a minimum-share system for energy users in key energy-consuming industries. The minimum renewable share is expressed as the share of renewables in an energy user’s total energy consumption, split into two categories:

  • Electricity minimum-share targets, covering all renewable power-generation types; and
  • Non-electric minimum-share targets, covering renewable heating and cooling, comprehensive utilisation such as green hydrogen/ammonia/methanol produced from renewables, and biofuels.

The central energy authority, together with the relevant departments, determines the key industries, issues targets year by year, and monitors, evaluates and assesses compliance. Industries already facing green-power share requirements include electrolytic aluminium, steel, cement, polysilicon and new data centres at national computing-hub nodes. Going forward, assessment is expected to focus on industry, construction and transport — the main consumption-side sectors. The state encourages enterprises in key industries to go above the minimum, and encourages localities with the right conditions to set minimum shares for government bodies, public institutions and state-owned enterprises.

Layer 2 — Consumption responsibility weights for provincial regions

The renewable power consumption responsibility weight system sets, for every provincial-level region, an explicit target for the share of electricity the region consumes that must come from renewables. The Measures optimise the weight system in three ways:

  • Region- and tier-based differentiation (分区分档), so weights reflect each region’s resource endowment and consumption reality;
  • stronger medium- and long-term guidance, anchoring multi-year expectations for investors; and
  • firmer mandatory requirements, turning consumption responsibility into a hard constraint that protects priority consumption of green power.

Outdated concepts such as “excess consumption” (超额消纳量) and “incentive indicators” (激励性指标) are deleted.

Why the non-electric expansion matters

Until now, China’s assessment of green consumption focused on green power. The 2026 Measures, for the first time, fold non-electric renewable consumption into the minimum-share assessment. The reasoning, per the National Energy Administration, is that renewable non-electric utilisation is essential to relieving grid-consumption pressure in resource-rich regions with limited local demand and to expanding end-use decarbonisation. For companies, this means:

  • renewable heating and cooling can count toward targets;
  • green hydrogen, ammonia and methanol produced from renewable power qualify as non-electric renewable consumption; and
  • biofuel use counts as well.

For foreign investors, the significance is that the decarbonisation compliance toolbox is now broader: a manufacturer that cannot buy enough green power may still move toward its target through on-site renewable heat, green-hydrogen projects or biofuel substitution.

What changed for the market

NDRC’s Energy Research Institute frames the Measures as building a “consumption-end + absorption-end” guarantee system for the first time, closing the loop through target setting, responsibility allocation, implementation paths and supervision. Key market consequences:

  • Compliance pressure moves to the buyer. Unlike earlier eras that pushed storage or generation obligations onto new renewable plants, the new regime pushes consumption targets onto electricity users. Industrial users now need green-power purchase agreements (PPAs), on-site generation, storage-supported consumption, or green certificates to demonstrate compliance.
  • Storage demand is stimulated indirectly. Industrial users that must consume a minimum renewable share may install storage to time-shift green power, and grid-side long-duration storage is needed to help provinces meet absorption weights.
  • New-economy sectors are pulled in. Computing infrastructure, 5G base stations and charging infrastructure are expected to be drawn into assessment, directing clean electricity toward covering incremental electricity demand.
  • “Green builds green.” New-energy manufacturing itself — polysilicon, lithium-battery manufacturing — faces green-consumption requirements, building a low-carbon supply chain for clean-energy equipment.

What this means for foreign-invested enterprises

For foreign manufacturers, data-centre operators and industrial investors in China, the Measures are a compliance milestone:

  • Data centres and heavy industry are in scope now or soon. Polysilicon, steel, cement, electrolytic aluminium and new national-hub data centres already face green-power share requirements; industry, construction and transport are the declared next frontier. Foreign plants in these sectors should treat renewable procurement as a compliance item, not an ESG option.
  • The toolbox is wider than PPAs. On-site renewable heat, green hydrogen/ammonia/methanol, biofuels and storage-supported green-power consumption can all contribute. Model each option against your load profile.
  • Provincial weight differences matter for site selection. Because weights are set region by region, the effective cost of meeting a target differs across provinces. Renewable resource endowment, grid conditions and local green-power prices should feed into any new-plant location decision.
  • Green certificates and PPAs become verifiable instruments. Expect more rigorous monitoring and assessment; keep the certificates, contracts and consumption data that demonstrate compliance in a form regulators can audit.

Practical steps

  • Determine whether your facility or project falls within a designated key energy-consuming industry and which year-by-year targets apply.
  • Map current electricity and heat consumption against the target; quantify the gap in renewable share terms.
  • Evaluate procurement routes: green-power PPAs, on-site solar or wind, storage-supported consumption, and green certificates, including cost and availability in your province.
  • For data-centre and manufacturing expansions, model renewable-consumption cost into the site-selection process rather than treating it as an afterthought.
  • Build a compliance evidence file — contracts, certificates and monthly consumption data — ahead of the monitoring and assessment cycles.

Sources

  • 中国政府网（国务院公报） — 可再生能源消费最低比重目标和可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法（国家发展改革委等四部门令2026年第42号全文）: https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2026/issue_12926/202608/content_7078436.html
  • 中国发展门户网 — 最低比重目标制度首次建立——可再生能源电力消纳迎硬考核: https://cn.chinagate.cn/environment/2026-08/26/content_118664400.shtml
  • 中国发展门户网 — 可再生能源消费最低比重目标与消纳责任权重制度相关报道: https://cn.chinagate.cn/environment/2026-08/19/content_118654154.shtml

Related reading

  • see also: The new power system “15th Five-Year” plan — targets and entry points (330-new-power-system-15th-fyp)
  • see also: China’s carbon market enters its next phase (311-carbon-market-expansion)

可再生能源消费硬考核落地：2026年第42号令实施办法解读

概述

2026年6月5日，国家发展改革委、工业和信息化部、住房城乡建设部、交通运输部联合发布2026年第42号令，公布《可再生能源消费最低比重目标和可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法》，自2026年8月1日起施行。

其法律依据是《能源法》与《可再生能源法》。政策意图是引导全社会优先使用和主动消费可再生能源，推动可再生能源高质量发展，助力实现碳达峰碳中和。该机制将宏观目标转化为两个层面可量化、可考核的义务：重点用能行业的能源用户，以及省级行政区域。

两层义务

第一层——能源用户消费最低比重目标

《办法》建立重点用能行业能源用户的可再生能源消费最低比重制度。最低比重指国家规定能源用户消费的可再生能源在其总能源消费中应达到的最低比例，分为两类：

  • 电力消费最低比重目标，涵盖全部可再生能源发电种类；
  • 非电消费最低比重目标，涵盖可再生能源供热（制冷）、可再生能源制氢氨醇等综合利用、生物燃料等可再生能源非电利用种类。

国务院能源主管部门会同有关部门确定重点用能行业，按年下达目标，并进行监测、评价和考核。已对电解铝、钢铁、水泥、多晶硅和国家枢纽节点新建数据中心等提出绿色电力消费比例要求。未来考核重点将聚焦工业、建筑和交通等消费侧重点领域。国家支持重点企业在此基础上进一步提升消费比例，鼓励具备条件的地区对政府部门、事业单位、国有企业提出最低比重目标。

第二层——省级消纳责任权重

可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度，是对每个省级行政区域设定明确的可再生能源电量消纳目标，以刚性约束保障绿色电力优先消纳。《办法》从三方面优化权重制度：

  • 分区分档，使权重反映各地区资源禀赋与消纳实际；
  • 加强中长期引领，为投资者锚定多年预期；
  • 强化刚性要求，把消纳责任变为保护绿电优先消纳的硬约束。

同时删除”超额消纳量””激励性指标”等不再适用的内容。

非电扩围为何重要

此前中国对绿色消费的考核聚焦绿电。2026年《办法》首次将非电可再生能源消费纳入最低比重目标考核。国家能源局给出的理由是：在资源富集地区本地消纳能力有限、大规模远距离外送制约增多的背景下，拓展可再生能源非电利用途径，既是缓解电网消纳压力、破解电力消纳瓶颈的需要，也是深入推进可再生能源安全可靠替代的内在要求。对企业而言，这意味着：

  • 可再生能源供热（制冷）可以计入目标；
  • 由可再生能源电力制取的绿氢、绿氨、绿醇属合格的非电可再生能源消费；
  • 生物燃料使用同样计入。

对外国投资者而言，关键是脱碳合规工具箱变宽了：买不到足够绿电的制造商，仍可通过就地可再生热能、绿氢项目或生物燃料替代向目标靠拢。

市场影响

国家发展改革委能源研究所将《办法》概括为首次从”消费端＋消纳端”双维度构建可再生能源保障体系，通过目标设定、责任分工、实现路径与考核监管形成全链条闭环。主要市场影响：

  • 合规压力下移至用电方。 与早期把储能或发电义务压给新建新能源电站不同，新机制把消费目标压到用电户身上。工业企业如今需要绿电交易协议（PPA）、就地发电、储能支撑消纳或绿证来证明合规。
  • 间接带动储能需求。 须满足最低消费比重的工业企业可能加装储能以移峰填谷消纳绿电；电网侧长时储能则是省份完成消纳权重的需要。
  • 新经济领域被纳入。 算力设施、5G基站、充电基础设施预计将进入考核，推动清洁电力覆盖全社会用电增量。
  • “以绿造绿”。 多晶硅、锂电池制造等新能源制造业本身也要满足绿色消费要求，为清洁能源装备构建上下游协同减碳的绿色产业链供应链。

对外资企业的意义

对在华外资制造商、数据中心运营者与工业投资者而言，《办法》是一座合规里程碑：

  • 数据中心与重工业现在或即将入考。 多晶硅、钢铁、水泥、电解铝和国家枢纽节点新建数据中心已面临绿电比例要求；工业、建筑与交通被明确列为下一站。上述行业的外资工厂应把可再生电力采购当作合规事项，而非ESG选项。
  • 工具箱不止PPA。 就地可再生热能、绿氢氨醇、生物燃料与储能支撑的绿电消费均可作贡献。请结合自身负荷画像逐项测算。
  • 省级权重差异影响选址。 权重分省设定，各地达标成本不同。可再生资源禀赋、电网条件与当地绿电价格都应纳入新厂选址决策。
  • 绿证与PPA成为可核验凭证。 监测考核将更严格；请以监管可审计的形式留存合同、绿证与消费数据。

实务建议

  • 判断本企业或项目是否属于重点用能行业范围，以及适用的分年度目标。
  • 对照目标梳理当前电力与热力消费，量化可再生占比缺口。
  • 评估采购路径：绿电PPA、就地光伏或风电、储能支撑消费与绿证，并比较所在省份的成本与可获得性。
  • 数据中心与制造扩建中，把可再生消费成本纳入选址模型，而非事后补救。
  • 在监测考核周期到来前建立合规证据档案——合同、绿证与逐月消费数据。

来源

  • 中国政府网（国务院公报） — 可再生能源消费最低比重目标和可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法（国家发展改革委等四部门令2026年第42号全文）: https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2026/issue_12926/202608/content_7078436.html
  • 中国发展门户网 — 最低比重目标制度首次建立——可再生能源电力消纳迎硬考核: https://cn.chinagate.cn/environment/2026-08/26/content_118664400.shtml
  • 中国发展门户网 — 可再生能源消费最低比重目标与消纳责任权重制度相关报道: https://cn.chinagate.cn/environment/2026-08/19/content_118654154.shtml

相关阅读

  • 见：新型电力系统”十五五”规划——目标与切入点（330-new-power-system-15th-fyp）
  • 见：全国碳市场进入新阶段（311-carbon-market-expansion）
Hainan FTP Closure / 海南自贸港封关

Hainan after closure: the 23rd batch of institutional-innovation cases and what the numbers show

  • Hainan has now cultivated 23 batches totalling 188 institutional-integration innovation cases, of which 87 have been recognised at the national level and 43 promoted nationwide, according to the province’s 29 August 2026 press conference in Changchun.
    据海南2026年8月29日在长春举行的专场新闻发布会介绍，海南自贸港已累计培育形成23批188项制度集成创新案例，其中87项获国家层面认可、43项向全国推广。
  • The 23rd batch — released as the first cases focused on the island-wide closure operation — covers the “second-line port” operating system, the zero-tariff tax-collection model, split-line customs clearance, anti-smuggling governance, joint inspection and quarantine risk control, and the Yangpu ship-registry service chain.
    第23批案例是首批聚焦全岛封关运作的制度集成创新，涵盖”二线口岸”运行管理体系、”零关税”税收征管模式、分线管理通关、”二线”反走私与沿海安全治理、检验检疫风险联合防控以及”中国洋浦港”船籍港管理服务全链条。
  • Behind the “second-line port” system, outbound declarations from Hainan were cut from 105 items to 42, and average lorry security screening at the Xinhaigang and Nangang freight yards fell to about 70 seconds.
    在”二线口岸”运行管理体系下，”二线”出岛申报项目由105项降至42项，海口新海港和南港货运集中查验场货车安检平均时长已优化至约70秒。
  • Zero-tariff uptake is accelerating: by 30 June 2026, 93 beneficiary entities had declared RMB 3.437 billion of zero-tariff imports, up 53.6% year on year, and the share of items eligible for zero-tariff treatment was raised from 21% to 74%.
    “零关税”政策红利加快释放：截至2026年6月30日，93家享惠主体申报进口”零关税”货物34.37亿元，同比增长53.6%；适用零关税的税目比例从21%大幅提高到74%。
  • In the shipping pillar, the “China Yangpu Port” registry passed 100 internationally trading ships on 18 August 2026 — total capacity above 8.9 million deadweight tonnes — with 33 high-frequency administrative items now processed across departments in one integrated flow.
    航运领域，”中国洋浦港”船籍港登记在册国际航行船舶于2026年8月18日突破100艘、总运力超890万载重吨；33项高频政务事项实现跨部门集成办理。
  • For foreign investors the takeaway is operational: post-closure Hainan is moving from policy design to measurable clearance and tax mechanics, and the cases themselves signal where the province will keep simplifying trade, investment and ship-related procedures.
    对外国投资者而言，要点在于实操层面：封关后的海南正从政策设计走向可度量的通关与税收机制，而案例本身也预示着海南将继续在贸易、投资与航运手续上做简化。

Hainan after closure: the 23rd batch of institutional-innovation cases and what the numbers show | 封关后的海南：第23批制度集成创新案例与数据背后的信号

Overview

At a 29 August 2026 press conference in Changchun held under the banner “Building the Hainan Free Trade Port to a High Standard” (高标准建设海南自由贸易港), Hainan’s provincial leadership took stock of the institutional innovation that has accompanied the free trade port’s island-wide closure operation. The headline figures: Hainan has now cultivated 23 batches totalling 188 institutional-integration innovation cases, of which 87 have been recognised at the national level and 43 promoted nationwide.

The 23rd batch matters for a specific reason: it is the first batch built around the closure operation itself. Released in late July 2026 as six cases, it shows how Hainan is making the “first line opens wide, second line is efficiently controlled” design work in practice — which is exactly the machinery foreign companies now deal with when moving goods, aircraft, ships or investment through the island.

The six cases of the 23rd batch

1. The “second-line port” operating system

The closure created China’s first “second-line ports” — the ten customs-supervised cargo inspection points through which zero-tariff goods and their processed products, duty-deferred processing goods and other not-yet-cleared cargo must pass to enter the mainland market. The innovation case gives the concept a complete definition and a standardised operating mechanism, filling a gap in national practice.

The measurable results are striking. Outbound declaration items were cut from 105 to 42, lifting average declaration efficiency by more than 70%. At the freight inspection yards of Haikou’s Xinhaigang (new port) and Nangang, the average security-screening time for lorries has been optimised to about 70 seconds. Supervision follows a “1+N” model in which customs conducts routine control while maritime, border-inspection and port operators cooperate, and non-core port functions such as animal and plant quarantine are pushed forward or moved online.

2. Innovation in zero-tariff goods tax collection

Hainan built an intelligent supervision system described as “one person one code, one enterprise one account, one item one chain, one call one response” (一人一码、一企一账、一物一链、一呼一应). Uptake data show the policy gaining momentum: from closure to 30 June 2026, 93 beneficiary entities declared RMB 3.437 billion of zero-tariff imports, up 53.6% year on year. The share of tariff items eligible for zero-tariff treatment was substantially widened from 21% to 74%, and related tax relief has grown accordingly.

3. Split-line customs clearance (“first line in, second line out”)

Under the new clearance model, Hainan is testing “direct release” (径予放行) ultra-simple declaration, “batch departure with consolidated declaration” (分批出岛、集中申报), and simplified second-line declaration — delivering “minimal formalities at the first line, convenient exit at the second line”. From closure to 30 June 2026, five enterprises used the direct-release model to import 70,000 tonnes of goods worth RMB 270 million, and 13 enterprises shipped more than 1,700 batches of goods to the mainland under the batch-departure model.

4. Anti-smuggling and coastal security governance at non-designated points

Hainan says it is the first in the country to build a law-based, all-domain anti-smuggling governance chain covering land, sea and air. Since 2025, authorities have proactively detected and transferred 2,863 leads involving violations, and dealt with 1,494 “three-no” vessels (ships without name, registration or port-of-call papers).

5. Joint inspection and quarantine risk control — “one trigger, multi-point response”

A multi-department coordination mechanism means a risk signal detected by one agency immediately triggers linked action across the island. Since the mechanism was established in March 2025, customs and local authorities have shared 2,377 risk messages and jointly handled 33 risk incidents.

6. “China Yangpu Port” ship-registry service chain

The case consolidates 33 high-frequency administrative matters into cross-department, integrated processing. The registry’s numbers continue to lead all national free trade zones and ports: on 18 August 2026 the “China Yangpu Port” registry passed 100 internationally trading ships, with total capacity exceeding 8.9 million deadweight tonnes. Ship safety remains strong, with a zero-detention record and one of the country’s highest shares of safety-integrity ships.

The wider picture: 188 cases and what they mean for business

The Changchun conference used several representative cases to show how the innovation stock translates into operating convenience:

  • Trade and investment liberalisation. Hainan issued the country’s first cross-border services trade negative list and the shortest foreign-investment access negative list on the mainland, set up the first national “single window” for international investment, and fully implemented ultra-simple approval, coordinated with the national “efficient handling of one thing” reform.
  • “Repair the world’s aircraft in Hainan.” Aviation maintenance has become a signature industry: by the end of 2025, 2,400 aircraft movements had been repaired in Hainan, import-export value passed RMB 100 billion, and the service network covers nearly 50 large airlines globally, saving operators an estimated 10–15% in total cost.
  • Emerging industries. The commercial spaceport completed 21 commercial launches with a world-first sea-based recovery breakthrough; the “Nanfan Silicon Valley” has created a special IP zone for seed industry, attracting leading seed companies and innovative SMEs.
  • Factor services. Hainan’s “land supermarket” — upgraded into a “natural resources supermarket” covering land, sea and mineral elements — lets enterprises read, select and buy land on a cloud platform, backed by an integrated smart-governance map.

The underlying message is that closure did not pause reform; it shifted the frontier from policy design to operational mechanics. Provincial officials say the next stage will focus on aligning with high-standard international economic and trade rules, advancing the compatibility of rules, regulations, management and standards, and further lowering the cost of cross-border investment and operations.

What foreign companies should watch

  • Declaration simplification is real and measurable. The drop from 105 to 42 declaration items and the 70-second lorry screening are the kind of operational figures that should be fed directly into logistics and customs-clearance planning for any goods moving between Hainan and the mainland.
  • Zero-tariff eligibility has widened materially. With the eligible item share up from 21% to 74%, companies that earlier concluded their goods were outside the zero-tariff list should re-test eligibility under the expanded scope.
  • The ship-registry play is maturing. With over 100 internationally trading ships and integrated cross-department processing, “China Yangpu Port” remains the entry point for shipping companies considering Hainan registration, reinforced by zero-tariff vessel import and VAT refunds on new builds.
  • Expect more rule-alignment measures. The stated direction — rule, regulation, management and standard compatibility with international high-standard trade rules — points to continued simplification of cross-border services and investment procedures.

Practical steps

  • Re-screen product eligibility against the widened zero-tariff item scope and the second-line declaration regime before structuring mainland-bound shipments from Hainan.
  • Benchmark logistics routes against the new clearance times at Xinhaigang and Nangang; update customs brokers on the simplified declaration options (direct release, batch departure with consolidated declaration).
  • For shipping operations, evaluate Yangpu registration against the current integrated 33-item service chain, zero-tariff vessel import and the registry’s safety record.
  • Monitor the next batches of innovation cases: each batch tends to convert a policy idea into concrete, time-and-cost-relevant procedures for foreign-invested business.

Sources

  • 海南省人民政府网 — “高标准建设海南自由贸易港”（长春市）专场新闻发布会实录: https://www.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/szdf/202608/26b67c827cdd48e49007f2fd2f9a7228.shtml
  • 海南省交通运输厅 — 百舸争流启新程！”中国洋浦港”籍国际船舶突破100艘: https://jt.hainan.gov.cn/ywdt_384/xxlb/202608/t20260818_4130419.html
  • 中国新闻网 — 海南封关看变化：制度集成创新打造新时代改革开放新高地: https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2026/08-30/10686700.shtml

Related reading

  • see also: Hainan’s “15th Five-Year Plan” for the international tourism consumption centre (342-hainan-tourism-15th-fyp)
  • see also: Hainan moves to codify “zero-tariff” resident duty-free shops (306-hainan-zero-tariff-duty-free)

封关后的海南：第23批制度集成创新案例与数据背后的信号

概述

2026年8月29日，在长春举行的”高标准建设海南自由贸易港”专场新闻发布会上，海南省层面系统盘点了伴随全岛封关运作推进的制度集成创新成果。核心数字：海南已累计培育形成23批188项制度集成创新案例，其中87项获国家层面认可、43项向全国推广。

第23批案例之所以特殊，在于它是首批围绕封关运作本身打造的案例。2026年8月13日，海南自由贸易港举行制度集成创新案例（第23批）新闻发布会，聚焦封关运作领域发布6项案例，展示海南如何把”一线放开、二线管住”的设计落到实操——而这正是外国企业如今在海南流转货物、飞机、船舶或开展投资时所面对的具体机制。

第23批的六项案例

一、”二线口岸”运行管理体系

封关创设了中国首批”二线口岸”——10个经海关监管的货物查验点，”零关税”货物及其加工制成品、加工增值免关税保税货物及其他未办结海关手续的货物须经此处进入内地市场。该项创新给出”二线口岸”的完整释义，并建立规范化运行管理机制，填补了国内制度空白。

成效数据直观：出岛申报项目由105项降至42项，企业平均申报效率提升70%以上；海口新海港和南港货运集中查验场货车安检平均时长已优化至约70秒。监管实行”1+N”模式——海关常规监管为主，海事、边检、港口运营单位协同共管，动植物检疫等非口岸核心功能前推或移至线上办理。

二、”零关税”货物税收征管模式创新

海南构建”一人一码、一企一账、一物一链、一呼一应”智能监管体系。数据显示政策红利加快释放：封关运作至2026年6月30日，93家享惠主体申报进口”零关税”货物34.37亿元，同比增长53.6%；适用零关税的税目比例由21%大幅提高到74%，相应减免税款同步增长。

三、全岛封关分线管理通关新模式

围绕”一线极简进、二线便利出”，海南探索”径予放行”极简申报、”分批出岛、集中申报”和”二线”简化申报等通关便利化举措。封关至2026年6月30日，5家企业以”径予放行”模式进口货物7万吨、货值2.7亿元；13家企业以”分出集报”模式向内地出岛内销货物超1700批次。

四、非设关地反走私与沿海安全综合治理新模式

海南在全国率先构建贯通陆海空全域全链条的反走私法治化治理体系。2025年以来，主动查获移交各类违法违规线索2863条，查处”三无”船舶1494艘。

五、检验检疫风险联合防控”一点触发、多点联动”

建立多部门协同联动机制：一处发现风险信号，全岛即时联动处置。自2025年3月机制建立以来，海关与地方共享风险信息2377条，联合处置风险事件33起。

六、”中国洋浦港”船籍港管理服务全链条创新

该项案例整合33项高频政务事项，实现跨部门集成办理。船籍港数据继续领跑全国自贸区（港）：2026年8月18日，”中国洋浦港”登记在册国际航行船舶突破100艘，总运力超过890万载重吨；船队保持零滞留纪录，安全诚信船舶占比居全国前列。

更大图景：188项案例与商业含义

长春发布会用多个代表性案例说明制度创新储备如何转化为经营便利：

  • 贸易投资自由化便利化。 海南出台全国首张跨境服务贸易负面清单和中国内地最短外商投资准入负面清单，建立全国首个国际投资”单一窗口”，全面推行极简审批制度，并与”高效办成一件事”改革深度协同。
  • “在海南自贸港修全球飞机”。 航空维修已成标志性产业：截至2025年底，2400架次飞机在海南完成维修，进出口值突破1000亿元，服务网络覆盖全球近50家大型航空公司，可为企业节省10%到15%的综合成本。
  • 特色优势产业。 海南商业航天发射场完成21发商业发射任务，实现全球首创火箭海上回收突破；”南繁硅谷”创建种业知识产权特区，吸引大批种业龙头与创新型中小企业。
  • 要素保障服务。 “土地超市”升级为覆盖用地、用海、用矿的”自然资源超市”，企业可在云平台读地、选地、买地，配套”国土空间智慧治理一张网”。

核心信号是：封关并未让改革停步，而是把前沿从政策设计推向运行机制。官方表示，下一阶段将对接国际高标准经贸规则，推动规则、规制、管理、标准等相通相容，进一步降低企业跨境投资与经营成本。

外国企业应关注什么

  • 申报简化是真实可度量的。 申报项目从105项降至42项、货车安检缩短至70秒——这类运营数据应直接用于任何经海南进出内地的物流与通关规划。
  • 零关税适用范围显著扩大。 适用税目比例从21%升至74%，此前判定货物不在零关税清单内的企业，应在扩围后重新核验资格。
  • 船籍港故事走向成熟。 登记国际航行船舶破百艘并实现跨部门集成办理，”中国洋浦港”依然是考虑海南注册的航运企业的入口，叠加船舶”零关税”进口与新造船增值税退税政策。
  • 可期待更多规则衔接措施。 官方明确的方向——与国际高标准经贸规则的规则、规制、管理、标准相容——预示着跨境服务与投资手续将继续简化。

实务建议

  • 在规划从海南发往内地的货物前，对照扩围后的零关税税目范围与”二线”申报制度重新筛查产品资格。
  • 依据新海港、南港新的通关时长基准调整物流路线；向报关代理确认简化申报选项（径予放行、分批出岛集中申报）。
  • 航运企业可对照当前33项集成服务链、”零关税”船舶进口与船籍港安全记录，评估在洋浦注册的可行性。
  • 持续跟踪后续批次的创新案例：每一批往往会把一个政策构想转化为对外资企业有时效和成本意义的具体程序。

来源

  • 海南省人民政府网 — “高标准建设海南自由贸易港”（长春市）专场新闻发布会实录: https://www.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/szdf/202608/26b67c827cdd48e49007f2fd2f9a7228.shtml
  • 海南省交通运输厅 — 百舸争流启新程！”中国洋浦港”籍国际船舶突破100艘: https://jt.hainan.gov.cn/ywdt_384/xxlb/202608/t20260818_4130419.html
  • 中国新闻网 — 海南封关看变化：制度集成创新打造新时代改革开放新高地: https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2026/08-30/10686700.shtml

相关阅读

  • 见：海南”十五五”国际旅游消费中心规划（342-hainan-tourism-15th-fyp）
  • 见：海南推动”零关税”岛内居民免税店成文化（306-hainan-zero-tariff-duty-free）
Greater Bay Area / 大湾区

Nansha’s four-channel pitch to Macao: equipment, talent, capital and daily life

  • At a 25 August 2026 joint media briefing in Guangzhou Nansha, officials set out a four-channel framework for deepening Nansha–Macao cooperation: equipment mobility (设备通), talent mobility (人畅通), capital mobility (资金通) and daily-life integration (生活通).
    2026年8月25日，中央港澳办”对接’十五五’发挥新优势”主题联合采访走进广州南沙，南沙开发区（自贸区南沙片区）管委会方面提出深化粤澳合作的”四通”框架：设备通、人畅通、资金通、生活通。
  • Macao’s third five-year plan explicitly proposes exploring the joint construction of a special cooperation platform with Nansha and a Guangdong–Macao vehicle-export platform, giving the two sides a concrete work agenda for the “15th Five-Year Plan” period.
    澳门第三个五年规划明确写入”积极探索与南沙等地共建特色合作平台、研究粤澳共同建设汽车出海平台”，为”十五五”时期两地协作给出具体工作议程。
  • On equipment, Nansha is the first in the country to pilot cross-border mobility supervision for duty-exempt research equipment, using a “one application, valid across the project” filing model so Macao research teams can move kit in and out flexibly over a research cycle.
    设备方面，南沙在全国率先探索减免税科研设备跨境流动监管创新，推出”一次申请、项目内通用”备案模式，让澳门科研团队可在整个研究周期内灵活跨境调配设备。
  • On talent, the recognised list of overseas professional qualifications now covers 248 items with a “practice first, file later” model; Macao residents working in Nansha who already contribute to Macao’s social-security fund are exempt from parts of mainland employee pension and unemployment insurance, and personal-income-tax above the Macao level is waived.
    人才方面，境外职业资格认可清单扩至248项并推行”先执业、后备案”；已在南沙就业且已参加澳门社保基金的澳门居民，可免缴部分内地职工养老保险与失业保险，其个人所得税税负超过澳门税负的部分免征。
  • On capital and life, the cross-border trade and investment high-level opening pilot has seen cumulative transactions above USD 62 billion, and a Guangdong–Macao social-security “one-window” counter handles 66 Guangdong and 31 Macao social-security services, including cross-border collection of Macao benefits.
    资金与生活方面，跨境贸易投资高水平开放试点累计交易额超620亿美元；”粤澳社保一窗通”专窗可同时办理66项广东社保和31项澳门社保服务，含澳门福利跨境领取。
  • For Hong Kong, Macao and foreign companies looking at the Greater Bay Area, Nansha’s pitch is now concrete: an 803-square-kilometre zone in the geometric centre of the bay area that is packaging duty-free research-equipment mobility, cross-border professional practice, financial convenience and social-security portability into one investment location.
    对有意布局大湾区的港澳与外国企业而言，南沙的招商叙事如今很具体：803平方公里、地处大湾区地理几何中心，正在把免税科研设备流动、跨境执业、金融便利与社保衔接打包进同一投资目的地。

Nansha’s four-channel pitch to Macao: equipment, talent, capital and daily life | 南沙对澳”四通”框架：设备、人才、资金与生活

Overview

On 25 August 2026, a joint media tour organised by the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee — themed “Aligning with the 15th Five-Year Plan, Unleashing New Advantages” — visited Guangzhou’s Nansha district. In a briefing, Nansha Development Zone (Guangdong FTZ Nansha Area) management committee officials set out how the zone intends to deepen cooperation with Macao across four channels: equipment mobility, talent mobility, capital mobility and daily-life integration — in the shorthand of the briefing, “设备通、人畅通、资金通、生活通”.

The framework responds directly to Macao’s own third five-year plan, which proposes “actively exploring the joint construction of special cooperation platforms with Nansha and elsewhere, and studying the joint construction of a Guangdong–Macao vehicle-export platform”. That single sentence in Macao’s plan gives Nansha a concrete work agenda, and the zone is now turning it into serviceable policy.

Channel 1 — Equipment mobility (设备通)

Cross-border research is often blocked by equipment: Macao scientists collaborating with mainland institutions need to bring instruments and apparatus into Guangdong and, ideally, move them back and forth as projects evolve. Nansha’s answer is the first national pilot for cross-border mobility supervision of duty-exempt research equipment, built around a “one application, valid across the project” (一次申请、项目内通用) filing model. A research team files once for a project and may then move the equipment in and out flexibly during the whole research cycle, reporting usage on a quarterly basis. This removes the friction of re-approval for each movement and is designed to make Macao research teams more willing to run joint programmes with mainland partners in Nansha.

Channel 2 — Talent mobility (人畅通)

Two mechanisms carry this channel:

  • Professional qualifications. Nansha implements the “Greater Bay Area Pass” project to remove blockages in standard certification, cross-border practice, data flow and clearance. The recognised list of overseas professional qualifications has grown to 248 items, and a “practice first, file later” (先执业、后备案) model lets Macao professionals start practising in Nansha without waiting for a pre-approval cycle, filing afterwards.
  • Social insurance and tax. Macao residents working in Nansha who already contribute to Macao’s social-security fund are exempt from participating in mainland employee basic pension insurance and unemployment insurance. Macao residents working in Nansha are also exempt from personal income tax to the extent their tax burden exceeds what they would pay in Macao. For Macao professionals this materially improves net pay and removes the double-contribution problem.

Channel 3 — Capital mobility (资金通)

Nansha’s financial story rests on the cross-border trade and investment high-level opening pilot, whose cumulative transaction volume has exceeded USD 62 billion. The zone wants to build out sci-tech finance, industry-chain finance and supply-chain finance as its signature specialisations, accelerating convenient cross-border fund flows for Macao companies setting up in Nansha. On the trade side, Nansha Port has built a route network connecting Portuguese-speaking countries, and a Guangdong–Macao–Portuguese-speaking-countries quality food supply-chain centre has located in Nansha — a practical bridge for Macao’s role as the China-Portugal platform.

Channel 4 — Daily-life integration (生活通)

The final channel is about making Nansha a place Macao people can actually live in:

  • A Guangdong–Macao social-security “one-window” counter (粤澳社保一窗通专窗) handles 66 Guangdong social-security services and 31 Macao services in one place, including cross-border collection of Macao benefits such as the “two pensions, five subsidies” and central provident fund, with cross-border remittance fees waived.
  • Supporting schemes such as “Greater Bay Area Social Security Pass” and “Hong Kong/Macao Medicines and Medical Devices Connect” (港澳药械通) extend the convenience into healthcare — Macao residents in Nansha can see doctors using Hong Kong/Macao-registered medicines and devices, with related insurance arrangements.
  • Nansha reports over 3,100 Hong Kong and Macao enterprises already located in the zone and more than 11,000 Hong Kong and Macao residents.

The two sides framed the effort in deliberately human terms: “the alignment of institutions is for the closeness of hearts; the opening of channels is for the continuity of friendship.”

What this means for investors

For Hong Kong, Macao and foreign companies evaluating the Greater Bay Area, the four-channel framework is worth reading as an investment-location signal:

  • R&D-intensive firms get an equipment story. If your work involves bringing instruments into China for joint research, the “one application, project-wide” pilot is a genuine operational advantage compared with per-movement approval elsewhere.
  • Talent-heavy businesses should price the tax and social-insurance package. The Macao resident tax exemption and social-insurance treatment directly lower the cost of Macao hires, which matters for professional-services, healthcare and education ventures relying on Macao talent.
  • Vehicle-export and Portuguese-speaking-market players should watch the pipeline. The proposed Guangdong–Macao vehicle-export platform and the Portuguese-speaking supply-chain centre suggest Nansha is positioning itself as the bay area’s gateway for Macao-linked trade routes.
  • The social-security one-window reduces the “stickiness” problem. Cross-border benefit collection and fee-free remittances lower the personal cost of relocating staff, which improves retention for companies moving Macao employees to Nansha.

Practical steps

  • If your company runs joint research with Macao institutions, ask the Nansha authorities about the duty-exempt research-equipment filing model and the quarterly usage reporting requirement.
  • When hiring Macao professionals, confirm their Macao social-security-fund status up front and model the mainland social-insurance exemption and personal-income-tax difference into the compensation package.
  • Monitor the vehicle-export platform and Portuguese-speaking supply-chain initiatives for concrete application windows and subsidy schemes.
  • For staff relocation, use the Guangdong–Macao social-security one-window counter and confirm which of the 66+31 services apply to your employees’ situation.
  • Keep the 15% enterprise-income-tax and Macao-resident individual-income-tax preferences in view: Nansha says it will continue optimising these along with the second-phase implementation of the Nansha Plan.

Sources

  • 广州市南沙区人民政府 — 媒体”天团”探秘”湾区棋眼”跃升密码（南沙粤澳合作与”四通”机制）: https://www.gzns.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/content/post_10981086.html
  • 南方+ — 打通四大互通通道，广州南沙”十五五”精准施策赋能澳门企业人才跨境发展: https://www.nfnews.com/content/X3RvwmeD3P.html
  • 澳门日报 — 南沙四方面深化粤澳合作（设备通、人畅通、资金通、生活通报道）: https://www.macaodaily.com/html/2026-08/26/content_1929447.htm

Related reading

  • see also: Hengqin’s aviation logistics subsidy scheme — a new low-cost route for cross-border cargo (345-hengqin-aviation-logistics)
  • see also: Guangdong’s international medical services pilot (329-guangdong-international-medical-services)

南沙对澳”四通”框架：设备、人才、资金与生活

概述

2026年8月25日，中央港澳办”对接’十五五’发挥新优势”主题联合采访走进广州南沙。在座谈中，南沙开发区（自贸区南沙片区）管委会方面系统阐述了深化粤澳合作的”四通”框架：设备通、人畅通、资金通、生活通。

这一框架直接回应澳门第三个五年规划——其中明确提出”积极探索与南沙等地共建特色合作平台、研究粤澳共同建设汽车出海平台”。澳门规划中的这一句话，为南沙提供了具体工作议程，而南沙正把它转化为可落地的政策。

通道一——设备通

跨境科研常被设备卡住：与内地机构合作的澳门科学家，需要把仪器设备带入广东，并随项目推进灵活往返。南沙的答案是全国率先探索的减免税科研设备跨境流动监管创新，核心是”一次申请、项目内通用“备案模式。科研团队对一个项目完成一次申报，即可在整个研究周期内灵活跨境调配设备，只需按季度反馈使用情况。这消除了每次移动重新审批的摩擦，意在让澳门科研团队更愿意与内地伙伴在南沙开展联合项目。

通道二——人畅通

两条机制承载这一通道：

  • 职业资格。 南沙深入实施”湾区通”工程，打通标准认证、跨境执业、数据流动、通关出行等卡点。境外职业资格认可清单已扩至248项，并推行”先执业、后备案“模式——澳门专业人士无需等待事前审批周期即可在南沙执业，事后备案即可。
  • 社保与个税。 已在南沙工作且已参加澳门社会保障基金的澳门居民，可免于参加内地企业职工基本养老保险、失业保险；在南沙工作的澳门居民，其个人所得税税负超过澳门税负的部分免征。对澳门专业人士而言，这实质改善税后收入，并消除双重缴费问题。

通道三——资金通

南沙的金融叙事依托跨境贸易投资高水平开放试点，累计交易额已超过620亿美元。南沙要做强科创金融、产业链金融、供应链金融等特色金融体系，加速便利澳门企业来南沙发展的跨境资金往来。贸易端，南沙港构建起连接葡语系国家的完善航线网络，粤澳葡语国家优质食品供应链中心已落户南沙——这是澳门发挥中葡平台作用的务实桥梁。

通道四——生活通

最后一条通道解决的是”澳门人真能在南沙生活”的问题：

  • “粤澳社保一窗通”专窗可同时办理66项广东社保服务和31项澳门服务，包括澳门”两金五津”及中央公积金等跨境领取，并免除跨境汇款手续费。
  • “湾区社保通””港澳药械通”等配套把便利延伸至医疗——在南沙的澳门居民可用港澳注册的药品与医疗器械就医，并有相应保险衔接。
  • 南沙披露，区内已集聚港澳企业超3100家、港澳居民超1.1万名。

双方刻意用有人情味的方式表述这一努力：”制度的衔接是为了心灵的贴近，通道的打通是为了情谊的延续。”

对投资者的意义

对评估大湾区的港澳与外国企业而言，”四通”框架值得作为投资选址信号来解读：

  • 研发密集型企业得到”设备故事”。 若业务涉及携设备入境开展联合研究，”一次申请、项目内通用”试点相对其他地区逐次审批，是真实的运营优势。
  • 人才密集型企业应把个税与社保政策计入成本。 澳门居民个税免征与社保待遇直接降低聘用澳门人才的成本，对依赖澳门人才的专业服务、医疗与教育项目尤其重要。
  • 汽车出海与葡语市场玩家应关注管线。 拟议中的粤澳汽车出海平台与葡语国家供应链中心，表明南沙正把自己定位为大湾区对接澳门关联贸易通道的门户。
  • 社保一窗通降低”留人难”问题。 跨境福利领取与免费汇款降低了人员调动的个人成本，有助于提高把澳门员工迁至南沙的企业的留存率。

实务建议

  • 若企业与澳门机构开展联合科研，向南沙有关部门咨询免税科研设备备案模式及季度使用反馈要求。
  • 聘用澳门专业人士时，事先确认其澳门社保基金参保状态，并把内地社保豁免与个税差额优惠计入薪酬方案。
  • 关注汽车出海平台与葡语供应链中心的申报窗口与扶持办法。
  • 涉及员工迁居，使用”粤澳社保一窗通”，并确认66+31项服务中哪些适用于本企业员工情形。
  • 持续关注15%企业所得税与澳门居民个税优惠政策：南沙表示将随《南沙方案》第二阶段实施继续优化。

来源

  • 广州市南沙区人民政府 — 媒体”天团”探秘”湾区棋眼”跃升密码（南沙粤澳合作与”四通”机制）: https://www.gzns.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/content/post_10981086.html
  • 南方+ — 打通四大互通通道，广州南沙”十五五”精准施策赋能澳门企业人才跨境发展: https://www.nfnews.com/content/X3RvwmeD3P.html
  • 澳门日报 — 南沙四方面深化粤澳合作（设备通、人畅通、资金通、生活通报道）: https://www.macaodaily.com/html/2026-08/26/content_1929447.htm

相关阅读

  • 见：横琴航空物流扶持办法——跨境货物新通道（345-hengqin-aviation-logistics）
  • 见：广东国际医疗服务试点（329-guangdong-international-medical-services）
Healthcare & Pharma / 医药医疗

Declaring psychotropic drug imports and exports: NMPA-GACC Announcement 2026 No. 84

  • The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the General Administration of Customs (GACC) jointly published Announcement 2026 No. 84 on 28 August 2026, providing the customs HS commodity numbers to reference when declaring import or export of newly controlled medicinal psychotropic substances.
    2026年8月28日，国家药监局与海关总署联合发布2026年第84号公告，就新列入管制范围的药用类精神药品的进出口申报，公布供通关申报参考的海关商品编号。
  • The announcement follows a separate joint decision by NMPA, the Ministry of Public Security and the National Health Commission adding three substances to the medicinal psychotropic substance catalogue: methoxyetomidate, leretomidate and sonanfetomide — with exceptions for drug preparations approved for marketing in China.
    公告之前，国家药监局、公安部、国家卫生健康委联合发布调整公告，将甲氧依托咪酯、乐瑞托咪酯、索安非托增列入药用类精神药品目录（在中国境内批准上市的相应药品制剂除外）。
  • The published commodity numbers cover only part of the controlled goods; importers and exporters whose actual goods fall outside the listed numbers must declare truthfully rather than assume exemption.
    公布的编号仅包含管制商品中的部分商品；实际进出口商品超出相关商品编号范围的，应当如实申报，而非推定不涉管制。
  • The rules anchor to the Drug Administration Law and the Customs Law: medicinal psychotropic substances remain subject to import/export permit and reporting disciplines administered by NMPA and customs.
    新规以《药品管理法》《海关法》为法律依据：药用类精神药品进出口仍适用由国家药监局与海关管理的准许证与申报纪律。
  • The announcement takes effect on 1 October 2026, giving pharmaceutical importers, exporters and CRO/logistics partners a one-month window to update screening and declaration procedures.
    公告自2026年10月1日起施行，为医药进出口企业、研发外包与物流伙伴留下约一个月时间更新筛查与申报流程。
  • For pharmaceutical companies shipping controlled APIs or finished drugs in or out of China, the practical task is to verify each SKU against the expanded catalogue and the new commodity numbers, and to keep records showing the actual substance and formulation status.
    对进出境受管制原料药或制剂的企业而言，实操要点是逐一核对产品品目是否落入扩围后的目录与新商品编号，并留存能证明实际物质与制剂状态的记录。

Declaring psychotropic drug imports and exports: NMPA-GACC Announcement 2026 No. 84 | 药用类精神药品进出口申报新规：国家药监局 海关总署2026年第84号公告解读

Overview

On 28 August 2026 the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the General Administration of Customs (GACC) published Announcement 2026 No. 84 — Matters Concerning the Declaration of Import and Export of Medicinal Psychotropic Substances (国家药监局 海关总署关于药用类精神药品进出口申报事项的公告). The announcement sets out the customs HS commodity numbers to reference when declaring imports or exports of varieties that were recently added to the medicinal psychotropic substance catalogue, and takes effect on 1 October 2026.

The announcement sits on top of an earlier regulatory step: NMPA, the Ministry of Public Security and the National Health Commission jointly issued a decision adjusting the medicinal psychotropic substance catalogue, adding methoxyetomidate, leretomidate and sonanfetomide to the list — except for drug preparations containing these substances that have been approved for marketing in China. Announcement 2026 No. 84 was then issued under the Drug Administration Law and the Customs Law to give traders concrete reference numbers for customs declaration.

Why this matters

China exercises strict control over psychotropic substances under its drug-control system, and the import and export of such substances requires permits and compliant declaration. The significance of this announcement is twofold:

  1. The control scope just widened. Three substances — methoxyetomidate, leretomidate and sonanfetomide — have been added to the medicinal psychotropic substance catalogue. Any company shipping these substances into or out of China (outside the China-approved formulation carve-out) now falls within the controlled-substance regime.
  2. Customs now has published reference codes. By giving HS commodity numbers for the newly added varieties, NMPA and GACC intend to reduce ambiguity at the border so that declarations are consistent and shipments are not held up by classification disputes.

The key provisions

  • Reference commodity numbers. The announcement publishes the customs commodity numbers for the newly listed varieties, for reference in customs declaration.
  • Partial coverage. The announcement expressly states that the commodity numbers cover only *part* of the controlled goods. If the actual goods being imported or exported fall outside the listed commodity-number range, the declarant must still declare truthfully.
  • Legal basis. The announcement is issued under the Drug Administration Law, the Customs Law and related laws and regulations.
  • Effective date. 1 October 2026.

The honest-declaration clause is the operative discipline: the commodity numbers are a facilitation tool, not a safe harbour. A shipment containing a newly controlled substance but classified under a different HS number remains subject to the controlled-substance rules, and the declarant bears the duty to reflect the true nature of the goods.

Context: the wider psychotropic-substance framework

Medicinal psychotropic substances are regulated separately from narcotic drugs but within the same family of controlled-substance rules. Imports and exports generally require permits issued through the drug-administration system, and customs releases goods against those permits together with normal declaration documents. Companies trading in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or finished drugs that touch the controlled list must:

  • verify whether each product contains a catalogue substance;
  • confirm whether a China-approved formulation exception applies;
  • obtain the appropriate permits before shipment; and
  • declare accurately at customs using the published reference codes where applicable.

What companies should do before 1 October 2026

For pharmaceutical importers and exporters — including foreign companies shipping APIs into China for contract manufacturing, or exporting controlled finished products — the practical checklist is:

  • Re-screen the product portfolio. Compare every SKU in the import/export pipeline against the expanded medicinal psychotropic catalogue, paying attention to the three new substances by both Chinese and international names.
  • Map the formulation exception. The catalogue addition excludes drug preparations approved for marketing in China. Confirm whether the product you ship is such an approved preparation and keep supporting registration documents in the compliance file.
  • Update declaration masters. Where a controlled substance is involved, update product masters, customs-classification records and the reference commodity numbers so that declarations after 1 October use the correct codes.
  • Check permit status. Confirm that the necessary import/export permits are in place and that the responsible internal or third-party declarant understands the split of duties between NMPA permits and customs release.
  • Prepare for audits. Regulators and customs may test whether declared goods match actual substance content. Retain certificates of analysis, formulation sheets and supply-chain records that demonstrate the true state of each shipment.
  • Brief logistics and CRO partners. If a third party handles declaration or cross-border logistics, circulate the announcement so screening updates are applied across the chain, not only at the licence holder.

Practical notes for foreign pharmaceutical companies

Foreign companies most affected are those that supply or buy the three newly controlled substances — or that manufacture medicines where these substances appear as intermediates or impurities above applicable thresholds. Points worth noting:

  • The announcement is a border-declaration facilitation measure; it does not by itself change the permit regime, which continues to apply to controlled substances.
  • The “approved formulation” carve-out is narrow: it protects drug preparations approved for marketing in China, not raw substances or unapproved preparations.
  • Given the 1 October effective date, any shipment booked for late September and arriving in October should be screened under the new scope to avoid a compliance gap.

Sources

  • 国家药品监督管理局 — 国家药监局 海关总署关于药用类精神药品进出口申报事项的公告（2026年第84号）: https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/ggtg/ypggtg/ypqtggtg/20260902092356142.html
  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 政务公告列表（含2026年第84号、第128号、第129号等）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/
  • 医药魔方 — 药用类精神药品进出口申报事项公告（品种与施行日期摘要）: https://bydrug.pharmcube.com/news/detail/484ba2600ed6d80d29192ad8ba49dca8

Related reading

  • see also: China’s 2026 customs clearance guide for the ninth CIIE (370-ciie-2026-customs-clearance-guide)
  • see also: Guangdong’s international medical services pilot and pharma investment (329-guangdong-international-medical-services)

药用类精神药品进出口申报新规：国家药监局 海关总署2026年第84号公告解读

概述

2026年8月28日，国家药品监督管理局与海关总署联合发布《关于药用类精神药品进出口申报事项的公告》（2026年第84号），就近期增列入药用类精神药品目录的品种，公布供进出口通关申报参考的海关商品编号。公告自2026年10月1日起施行。

公告建立在更早一步的监管动作之上：国家药监局、公安部、国家卫生健康委联合发布调整药用类精神药品目录的公告，将甲氧依托咪酯、乐瑞托咪酯、索安非托增列入药用类精神药品目录（在中国境内批准上市的含上述物质的药品制剂除外）。随后，依据《药品管理法》《海关法》等法律法规，2026年第84号公告出台，为贸易企业提供具体的通关申报参考编号。

为何重要

中国在药物管制体系下对精神药品实行严格管控，此类物质的进出口需取得准许证并合规申报。本次公告的意义有二：

  1. 管制范围刚刚扩大。 甲氧依托咪酯、乐瑞托咪酯、索安非托三个品种被增列入药用类精神药品目录。任何将上述物质运入或运出中国的企业（中国批准上市制剂除外），如今均落入管制物质制度范畴。
  2. 海关有了公开的参考编码。 通过为新增品种提供海关商品编号，国家药监局与海关总署意在减少口岸的归类不确定性，使申报口径一致，避免货物因归类争议而被滞留。

主要条款

  • 参考商品编号。 公告公布新增列品种的海关商品编号，供通关申报参考。
  • 部分覆盖。 公告明确，公布的编号仅包含管制商品中的部分商品。实际进出口商品超出相关商品编号范围的，仍应当如实申报。
  • 法律依据。 公告依据《药品管理法》《海关法》等法律法规制定。
  • 施行日期。 2026年10月1日。

“如实申报”条款是操作性纪律：商品编号是便利工具，而非安全港。一批含有新管制物质但归入其他HS编码的货物，仍适用管制物质规则，申报人有义务如实反映货物的真实属性。

背景：更宽的精神药品监管框架

药用类精神药品与麻醉药品分列管制，但同属管制物质规则体系。其进出口一般需通过药监系统取得准许证，海关凭准许证及常规申报文件放行。经营涉及管制清单的原料药或制剂的贸易企业，必须：

  • 核实每个产品是否含有目录内物质；
  • 确认是否适用”中国批准上市制剂”例外；
  • 在发货前取得相应准许证；
  • 在口岸按公布的参考编码如实准确申报。

2026年10月1日前应做的事

对医药进出口企业——包括向中国境内合同生产方供应原料药、或出口受管制成品的外国公司——实用核查清单如下：

  • 重新筛查产品组合。 将进出境管线中的每个品目与扩围后的药用类精神药品目录逐一比对，重点关注三个新增品种（中英文名称均需核对）。
  • 核实制剂例外。 目录增列不包含在中国境内批准上市的药品制剂。请确认你所运产品是否属于此类获批制剂，并在合规档案中留存注册证明文件。
  • 更新申报主数据。 若涉及管制物质，更新产品主数据、海关归类记录与参考商品编号，确保10月1日后的申报使用正确编码。
  • 核查准许证状态。 确认必要的进出口准许证已就位，并让内部或第三方申报人清楚理解药监准许证与海关放行之间的职责分工。
  • 备妥审计材料。 监管部门与海关可能核查申报货物与实际物质含量是否一致。留存检验报告、制剂配方单与供应链记录，以证明每批货物的真实状态。
  • 同步物流与外包伙伴。 若由第三方代理申报或负责跨境物流，应转发公告，使筛查更新贯穿整个链条，而不只停留在持证人一端。

给外国药企的实务提示

受影响最大的外国公司，是那些供应或采购上述三种新管制物质的企业，或在其药品中将此类物质作为中间体、杂质（超过适用阈值）出现的企业。值得注意：

  • 本公告属口岸申报便利化措施，本身并不改变准许证制度，管制物质仍须适用该制度。
  • “批准制剂”例外范围较窄：它保护在中国获批上市的药品制剂，不涵盖原料物质或未获批制剂。
  • 鉴于10月1日生效，凡9月下旬订舱、10月到港的货物，都应按新范围筛查，避免出现合规空档。

来源

  • 国家药品监督管理局 — 国家药监局 海关总署关于药用类精神药品进出口申报事项的公告（2026年第84号）: https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/ggtg/ypggtg/ypqtggtg/20260902092356142.html
  • 中华人民共和国海关总署 — 政务公告列表（含2026年第84号、第128号、第129号等）: http://www.customs.gov.cn/
  • 医药魔方 — 药用类精神药品进出口申报事项公告（品种与施行日期摘要）: https://bydrug.pharmcube.com/news/detail/484ba2600ed6d80d29192ad8ba49dca8

相关阅读

  • 见：第九届进博会海关通关须知（370-ciie-2026-customs-clearance-guide）
  • 见：广东国际医疗服务试点与医药投资（329-guangdong-international-medical-services）
PIPL Compliance / 个保法合规

Lighter compliance for small processors: CAC-MPS Provisions effective 1 September 2026

  • The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the Provisions on Simplified Personal Information Protection Measures for Small-Scale Personal Information Processors (Order No. 25), published 24 July 2026 and effective 1 September 2026.
    国家互联网信息办公室、公安部联合公布《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护简化措施规定》（第25号令），2026年7月24日发布，自2026年9月1日起施行。
  • A “small-scale personal information processor” is defined as a processor currently handling the personal information of fewer than 100,000 individuals in China; the count is based on deduplicated natural persons and excludes information already deleted.
    “小型个人信息处理者”被界定为在中国境内当前处理不满10万人个人信息的个人信息处理者；人数按去重后的自然人统计，已删除的个人信息不计入。
  • The core simplification: the mandatory content of a personal-information processing rule is trimmed, and rule publication and the duty to inform may be satisfied by simpler means — an on-site notice for offline operators, or service agreements, pop-ups or website announcements for online collection.
    核心简化在于：个人信息处理规则必备内容被精简；规则的公开与告知义务可通过更简便方式履行——线下经营者在经营场所醒目位置张贴公告即可，线上收集信息可通过服务协议、弹窗或网站公告等方式公开。
  • Where a platform has already set rules and completed compliance audits and impact assessments covering its merchants’ processing, platform merchants need not duplicate that work — a major relief for small online sellers.
    若平台已针对商户的个人信息处理活动制定规则并完成合规审计与影响评估，依托平台经营的小微商户可直接沿用，无需重复开展——这对小型网店是重大减负。
  • Small-scale processors that transfer personal information abroad for ordinary cross-border shopping or payment needs are exempt from applying for security assessment, signing standard contracts or passing certification, subject to the stated conditions.
    小型处理者因跨境购物、跨境支付等常见业务向境外提供个人信息的，在符合规定条件的情况下，免予申报数据出境安全评估、订立标准合同或通过认证。
  • For foreign-invested SMEs and small app developers in China, the Provisions turn the PIPL’s heavy one-size-fits-all machinery into a proportionate regime — but the underlying duties (consent, minimum necessary, security) remain intact: simplification lowers text and process burden, not the protection baseline.
    对在华外资中小企业与小型应用开发者而言，本规定把《个人信息保护法》沉重的”一刀切”机制转化为更成比例的规则——但同意、最小必要、安全保障等底层义务不变：简化降低的是文本与程序负担，而非保护底线。

Lighter compliance for small processors: CAC-MPS Provisions effective 1 September 2026 | 小型个人信息处理者”轻装合规”：网信办、公安部第25号令9月1日施行

Overview

On 24 July 2026 the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) and the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) published Order No. 25 — the Provisions on Simplified Personal Information Protection Measures for Small-Scale Personal Information Processors (小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护简化措施规定). The Provisions take effect on 1 September 2026.

They are the first dedicated departmental rule issued under Article 62 of the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), which authorised the CAC to make special rules and standards for small-scale processors. The policy aim is stated in Article 1: to support innovation and development of small and medium-sized enterprises by simplifying the measures through which small-scale processors perform their personal information protection obligations, while keeping the law’s safety baseline intact.

Who qualifies

Article 2 defines a small-scale personal information processor as a processor currently handling the personal information of fewer than 100,000 individuals within China. The headcount is the number of deduplicated natural persons whose information the enterprise is currently processing — customers, users, employees and job applicants combined — excluding personal information that has already been deleted. Enterprises above the threshold continue to operate under the general PIPL regime; those at or above a much larger scale (to be classified separately as large processors) face stricter obligations.

For a foreign-invested company, the practical question is whether each China entity qualifies on its own numbers. A small WFOE running a niche e-commerce store or a small app may sit under 100,000; a group entity consolidating data from a large user base will not.

What is simplified

1. The processing rule itself

The mandatory content of a personal-information processing rule is trimmed to the core items — the processor’s name; the department or person receiving individuals’ rights requests with contact details; and the purposes, methods, categories and retention periods of processing. Two points stand out:

  • A processor handling the personal information of minors under 14 must still formulate a dedicated rule.
  • Publication and the duty to inform can be met by lighter means: an offline operator may post a notice in a conspicuous place at its premises; online collection may be disclosed through service agreements, pop-ups or website announcements. Industry parks, industrial bases and commercial property managers may draft one unified rule for identical offline businesses in their area, and operators who agree to comply need not each draft their own.

2. No duplication where a platform leads

If a merchant operates on an internet platform and the platform has already formulated rules for merchants’ processing activities and completed the compliance audit and impact assessment, the merchant may follow the platform’s work directly instead of repeating it. This removes the most onerous compliance items for the large population of small online sellers and mini-program merchants whose data processing is effectively governed by the platform.

3. Data-outbound relief

Small-scale processors transferring personal information abroad for ordinary business such as cross-border shopping and cross-border payment are, under the stated conditions, exempt from applying for a data-outbound security assessment, signing standard contracts, or passing personal-information protection certification. This avoids requiring businesses to run a full risk assessment on each low-risk flow, protecting their normal operations.

4. Audit and impact assessment

Compliance audits may be conducted at intervals of at least five years (against the PIPL general rule of periodic audits), and impact assessments may be carried out using simplified forms — with the annexes providing a self-check table for compliance audits and a simplified assessment form for impact assessments.

5. Lenient enforcement

The Provisions carry forward the “first-violation leniency” spirit of the Administrative Penalty Law: where a violation is minor and promptly corrected with no harmful consequences, no penalty is imposed; and a first-time violation with minor consequences that is promptly corrected may also go unpunished. Notification duties on security incidents and deletion after service termination are confirmed, and supervisory authorities may provide infrastructure, tools and advisory services to lower compliance costs.

What is NOT simplified

The simplification is procedural and textual, not substantive. Small-scale processors must still:

  • obtain consent on a lawful basis and provide special separate consent where sensitive personal information is processed for a specific purpose, informing the individual of the necessity and the impact on their rights and interests;
  • observe the minimum-necessary principle in collection;
  • implement security measures appropriate to their scale, with the underlying duties in the PIPL and the Network Data Security Management Regulations intact; and
  • support individuals’ rights requests — access, correction, deletion, and the right to withdraw consent — through the receiving channel they must name in their rule.

Regulators were explicit in commentary that the goal is “burden reduction without responsibility reduction” (减负不减责): lighter paperwork, unchanged bottom line.

What foreign-invested SMEs should do

For foreign-invested small and medium enterprises, small app developers and WeChat-mini-program merchants in China, the September deadline is a good moment to re-baseline:

  • Confirm status. Count the deduplicated individuals whose data you currently process. If under 100,000, your China entity qualifies for the simplified regime.
  • Update the processing rule. Rewrite the rule to the trimmed mandatory content and publish it through the lightest valid channel (premises notice, service agreement, pop-up or website announcement). If you handle under-14 data, keep the dedicated minor rule.
  • Check the platform route. If you sell through a platform, confirm whether the platform’s rule, audit and impact assessment cover your activities; if so, do not duplicate the work — but document the reliance.
  • Review outbound flows. Map any transfers of personal information abroad for cross-border shopping or payment. If you meet the exemption conditions, keep the evidence; if a flow falls outside the exemption, the ordinary assessment/standard-contract/certification routes still apply.
  • Schedule the lighter audit. Plan a compliance audit on the permitted five-year-plus cycle and use the annex self-check tables so the record is ready if asked.
  • Keep the baseline duties working. Consent records, minimum-necessary collection, security measures and rights-request handling do not disappear; simplification only changes how the paperwork and the heavier procedural steps are performed.

Sources

  • 国家互联网信息办公室（中国网信网） — 《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护简化措施规定》全文（国家网信办、公安部令第25号）: https://www.cac.gov.cn/2026-07/24/c_1786638889704872.htm
  • 深圳市司法局 — 企业合规风险提示与预警信息【总第168期】（含本规定要点与合规建议）: https://sf.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/hg/yjxx/zxxx/content/post_12948595.html
  • 中工网/法治日报 — 减负不减责 守牢个人信息保护底线（评论解读）: https://www.workercn.cn/c/2026-09-02/8883756.shtml

Related reading

  • see also: China’s data-outbound negative list goes live — 2026 milestones and a compliance route map (360-data-outbound-negative-list)
  • see also: Network data security risk assessment — the new annual obligation (305-network-data-security-risk-assessment)

小型个人信息处理者”轻装合规”：网信办、公安部第25号令9月1日施行

概述

2026年7月24日，国家互联网信息办公室与公安部联合公布《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护简化措施规定》（第25号令），自2026年9月1日起施行。

这是《个人信息保护法》第六十二条授权国家网信部门针对小型个人信息处理者制定专门规则、标准后出台的首部配套部门规章。第一条即点明政策目标：支持中小微企业创新发展，简化小型个人信息处理者履行个人信息保护义务的措施，同时不突破法律安全底线。

谁算”小型”

第二条规定，小型个人信息处理者是指在中国境内当前处理不满10万人个人信息的个人信息处理者。人数按去重后的自然人统计——把企业当前仍在处理的客户、用户、员工、求职者等信息去重后合计，已删除的个人信息不计入。超过该门槛的企业继续适用一般个保制度；规模更大的处理者将被另行划分为大型个人信息处理者，承担更重义务。

对外资企业而言，实操问题是判断每个中国法律实体是否以自身数据规模达标。经营小众网店或小型应用的小型外资企业可能落在10万人之下；整合大规模用户数据的集团实体则不满足。

简化了什么

一、处理规则本身

个人信息处理规则必备内容被精简为三类核心事项——处理者名称；受理个人行权请求的部门或人员及联系方式；处理目的、方式、种类、保存期限等。两点值得注意：

  • 处理不满14周岁未成年人个人信息的，仍须制定专门规则。
  • 规则的公开与告知可用更简便方式履行：线下经营者在经营场所醒目位置张贴公告即可；线上收集信息可通过服务协议、弹窗或网站公告等方式公开。园区、产业基地、商业物业等可为区域内开展相同线下业务的小型处理者统一制定规则，经营者同意遵守的无需各自起草。

二、平台主导时不重复

若商户依托互联网平台经营，且平台已针对商户的个人信息处理活动制定规则并完成合规审计和影响评估，则商户可直接沿用，无需重复开展。这为数量庞大的小型网店与小程序商家卸下了最重的合规环节——他们的数据处理实际上由平台规则统辖。

三、数据出境豁免

小型处理者因跨境购物、跨境支付等常见业务向境外提供个人信息的，在符合规定条件的情况下，免予申报数据出境安全评估、订立标准合同或通过个人信息保护认证。这避免企业就每一笔低风险业务单独跑完整评估，保障其正常经营。

四、审计与影响评估

合规审计可以”至少每五年一次”的节奏开展（对照个保法一般性的定期审计要求），影响评估可用简化表进行——附件提供了《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护合规审计自查表》和《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护影响评估表》。

五、柔性执法

本规定将行政处罚法的”首违不罚”精神落实到个人信息保护领域：违法行为轻微并及时改正、未造成危害后果的，不予处罚；初次违法且危害后果轻微并及时改正的，也可以不予处罚。规定还确认了安全事件通知、停止服务后删除等义务，并鼓励监管部门为小型处理者提供基础设施、技术工具与咨询服务以降低合规成本。

什么没有被简化

简化的是程序与文本负担，不是实质义务。小型个人信息处理者仍须：

  • 依法取得同意；因特定目的处理敏感个人信息的，须取得单独同意，并告知处理敏感个人信息的必要性及对个人权益的影响；
  • 坚持最小必要原则采集；
  • 实施与自身规模相适应的安全措施，《个人信息保护法》与《网络数据安全管理条例》的底层义务不变；
  • 通过处理规则中必须载明的受理渠道，支持个人的查阅、复制、更正、删除与撤回同意等权利请求。

监管口径对此反复强调”减负不减责“：文本更轻，底线不变。

外资中小企业该做什么

对在华外资中小企业、小型应用开发者和微信小程序商家而言，9月1日是一个重新对齐基准的好时点：

  • 确认资格。 统计当前正在处理（去重后）的自然人数量。若不足10万人，中国实体即适用简化制度。
  • 更新处理规则。 按精简后的必备内容改写规则，并通过最简便的有效渠道公开（经营场所公告、服务协议、弹窗或网站公告）。若涉及未满14周岁信息，保留专门规则。
  • 走平台通道。 若通过平台销售，确认平台的规则、审计与影响评估是否覆盖你的活动；若已覆盖，不必重复，但应留存依赖依据。
  • 复核出境流。 梳理任何因跨境购物、支付而向境外提供个人信息的情形。满足豁免条件的留存证据；不在豁免范围内的流动，仍走普通评估/标准合同/认证路径。
  • 安排轻量审计。 按允许的五年以上周期规划合规审计，使用附件自查表，确保需要时可随时出示记录。
  • 守住底线义务。 同意记录、最小必要采集、安全措施与行权响应不会消失；简化只改变文书与更重程序环节的履行方式。

来源

  • 国家互联网信息办公室（中国网信网） — 《小型个人信息处理者个人信息保护简化措施规定》全文（国家网信办、公安部令第25号）: https://www.cac.gov.cn/2026-07/24/c_1786638889704872.htm
  • 深圳市司法局 — 企业合规风险提示与预警信息【总第168期】（含本规定要点与合规建议）: https://sf.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/hg/yjxx/zxxx/content/post_12948595.html
  • 中工网/法治日报 — 减负不减责 守牢个人信息保护底线（评论解读）: https://www.workercn.cn/c/2026-09-02/8883756.shtml

相关阅读

  • 见：数据出境负面清单落地——2026年里程碑与合规路径图（360-data-outbound-negative-list）
  • 见：网络数据安全风险评估——重要数据处理者新增年度义务（305-network-data-security-risk-assessment）
Living Guide / 来华生活指南

Paying like a local: China’s 2026 cross-border payment facilitation, explained for visitors

  • Cross-border payment facilitation for foreign visitors reached a new stage in August 2026, anchored by China’s APEC host year: Shenzhen built a “card, code, cash and wallet” payment ecosystem with 41,000 foreign-card merchants and 51,000 POS terminals, and more overseas e-wallets can now be used directly in China.
    2026年8月，来华人员跨境支付便利化进入新阶段。以中国担任APEC轮值主办方为契机，深圳构建起”卡、码、币、包”多元支付生态——全市可受理外卡商户达4.1万户、POS机5.1万台——更多境外电子钱包可直接在华使用。
  • Under the unified cross-border QR-code gateway, WeChat Pay is interoperable with nearly 50 overseas wallet providers; “out-wallet in-use” lets visitors pay by scanning with their home wallet (PayPal, Liquidpay and 40-plus others), with no new app download needed.
    依托”跨境二维码统一网关”，微信支付已与全球近50家境外钱包机构互联互通；”外包内用”让访客无需下载新应用，直接用本国电子钱包扫码支付（PayPal、Liquidpay等40余个钱包已接入）。
  • For foreign-card holders, “foreign-card binding” keeps working: WeChat Pay has simplified card binding for nearly 7 million users in 200-plus countries, and Shenzhen has over 3,600 ATMs supporting foreign-card withdrawals plus 1,600-plus bank outlets for currency exchange.
    “外卡内绑”同样持续可用：微信支付已为全球200多个国家和地区近700万外籍用户简化绑卡流程；深圳超3600台ATM支持外卡取现，1600余个银行网点提供外币兑换。
  • Results are measurable: in the first half of 2026, foreign visitors in Shenzhen made 106 million non-cash transactions worth RMB 15.616 billion, up 20.62% and 29.42% year on year respectively.
    成效可度量：2026年上半年，境外人士在深圳的非现金支付交易达1.06亿笔、金额156.16亿元，同比分别增长20.62%和29.42%。
  • The convenience layer sits on expanding entry channels: since 20 August 2026 the 240-hour visa-free transit policy covers 57 countries and Hainan’s 30-day visa-free entry covers 61, while inbound foreign visits reached 22.914 million in H1 2026, up 20.4%.
    便利支付叠加持续扩容的入境通道：自2026年8月20日起，240小时过境免签适用国家增至57个、海南30天入境免签增至61个；2026年上半年入境外国人达2291.4万人次，同比增长20.4%。
  • For business travellers and expatriates, the practical message is that cash, international cards, foreign e-wallets and the digital yuan hard wallet are all now viable in major cities — but acceptance still varies by merchant, so carrying a card and some cash alongside a wallet remains the sensible default.
    对商务旅客与外籍居民而言，实操信息是：现金、国际银行卡、境外电子钱包与数字人民币硬钱包在国内主要城市如今都可用——但商户受理面仍有差异，因此”钱包+银行卡+少量现金”的组合仍是稳妥默认配置。

Paying like a local: China’s 2026 cross-border payment facilitation, explained for visitors | 像本地人一样付款：2026年来华跨境支付便利化指南

Overview

August 2026 marked another step forward in China’s campaign to make everyday payment as smooth for foreign visitors as it is for residents. The backdrop is China’s host year for APEC, which has turned inbound payment convenience into a national showcase, with Shenzhen as the flagship. The result, visible in official data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange’s Shenzhen branch on 27 August 2026, is a payment ecosystem built on four rails — cards, QR codes, cash and digital-yuan wallets — designed so that however a visitor normally pays at home, one of the rails will work in China.

The same period saw continued expansion of the entry policies that bring visitors to China in the first place: from 20 August 2026, citizens of Kyrgyzstan and Viet Nam became eligible for the 240-hour visa-free transit policy and Hainan’s 30-day visa-free entry, taking the transit list to 57 countries and the Hainan list to 61.

The four rails, explained

Rail 1 — International cards (“外卡内绑” and direct acceptance)

Two complementary paths exist for card users:

  • Direct card acceptance. In Shenzhen alone, 41,000 merchants now accept foreign cards across 51,000 POS terminals, covering airports, ports, major shopping districts, international hotels and tourist sites. Metro gates in Shenzhen were upgraded in late June to accept foreign cards by tapping.
  • Binding a foreign card inside a local app. WeChat Pay has simplified card binding for users in more than 200 countries — close to 7 million foreign users — so a visitor can link a Visa or Mastercard and pay by scanning the QR code that virtually every Chinese merchant displays. Foreign-card transactions grew 68% year on year in the first half.

Rail 2 — Using your home e-wallet (“外包内用”)

Since the second half of 2025 and accelerating through 2026, overseas e-wallets have been connected to China’s QR-code network through the unified cross-border QR-code gateway. WeChat Pay is interoperable with nearly 50 overseas wallet providers, and more than 40 wallets — including PayPal (US), Hana Pay (Korea), Liquidpay (Singapore) and ShopeePay (Southeast Asia, rolled out from late August 2026) — can already be used to scan Chinese merchants’ codes directly. The visitor opens the wallet they already use at home, scans, and pays; no new app, no new account, no local phone number needed. The “out-wallet in-use” service launched first for Singapore and Thai users, with the Philippines, Viet Nam and Malaysia phasing in.

Rail 3 — Cash and currency exchange

For visitors who prefer cash — or travellers from economies where cards and e-wallets are less common — the cash rail remains fully serviced. Shenzhen has more than 3,600 ATMs supporting foreign-card withdrawals, over 1,600 bank outlets, 40 licensed currency-exchange institutions and 23 agent exchange points, with exchange services covering the currencies of all 21 APEC member economies.

Rail 4 — The digital yuan hard wallet

Shenzhen issued the country’s first “tap, visible and scan” (可碰、可视、可扫) digital yuan hard wallet, top-upable through Hong Kong’s Octopus card and foreign cards, and accepted by nearly 40,000 merchants. For visitors from Hong Kong, China and from economies experimenting with CBDCs, this offers another familiar, offline-capable payment method.

What the numbers show

The official Shenzhen data are concrete:

  • In H1 2026, foreign visitors in Shenzhen made 106 million non-cash transactions worth RMB 15.616 billion, up 20.62% and 29.42% year on year respectively.
  • Foreign-card transaction volumes grew 68%; overseas-wallet daily transaction volume grew 3.5 times year on year in the gateway framework.
  • Outbound-tax-refund (“buy now, refund now”) is expanding: Shenzhen has 2,500-plus duty-refund shops and 15 “buy-now-refund” shopping districts, with refund sales exceeding RMB 1 billion in H1, up 1.3 times.

At the national level, the entry-policy expansion is feeding the trend: H1 2026 inbound foreign visits reached 22.914 million, up 20.4% year on year, covering nearly 500 cities; online-platform data show inbound visitor spending up 72.9% since June.

How the pieces fit together for a business trip

For a foreign business traveller arriving in 2026, the practical picture is:

  1. Entry. If eligible under the 240-hour visa-free transit (now 57 countries) or a visa-free arrangement, no visa appointment is needed for a short trip; otherwise the ordinary visa route applies.
  2. Payment on arrival. At the airport, a service centre (such as Shenzhen Bao’an’s foreign-guests payment centre) can help set up payment; airlines on international routes to Shenzhen have been showing an in-flight payment guide since June 2026.
  3. Daily spending. In the city, any combination of the four rails works — tap a foreign card, scan with your home wallet, or use WeChat Pay after binding your card. Cash remains usable everywhere, and exchanging a modest amount at the airport covers small merchants and emergencies.
  4. Leaving. Duty-refund “buy now, refund now” outlets let eligible visitors reclaim VAT on purchases before departure at the airport or shopping district.

Practical tips for visitors and expatriates

  • Test your home wallet first. Check whether your wallet (PayPal, Liquidpay, Hana Pay, ShopeePay and others) is already connected through the gateway; if it is, you can pay by scanning with the app you already use.
  • Bind a card as a backup. WeChat Pay (and Alipay) foreign-card binding is now streamlined; doing it once at the airport service centre gives you the full QR-code merchant base.
  • Keep some cash. While QR-code acceptance is near-universal among merchants, small vendors, some taxis and rural or less-touristed areas may still prefer cash; ATM foreign-card withdrawals are widely available.
  • Use the metro upgrade. In cities such as Shenzhen, foreign cards can now tap through metro gates — a small but daily convenience.
  • Watch acceptance, not just availability. The rails exist city-wide in hubs; coverage in smaller cities is thinner. For business travel beyond the first-tier cities, carry a card and cash as well as a wallet.

Sources

  • 国家外汇管理局深圳市分局 — 提升境外人士支付便利度 全力保障APEC涉外服务需求: https://www.safe.gov.cn/shenzhen/2026/0827/2544.html
  • 央广网 — 我国240小时过境免签”朋友圈”扩展到57国 支持更多境外电子钱包境内使用: https://www.toutiao.com/article/7676330196719256116/
  • 南方+ — 支付自由，让深圳街头小店接住全球客流: https://www.nfnews.com/content/mobWEgxzyk.html

Related reading

  • see also: Paying for everything in China — a practical guide for foreign visitors and residents (65-expat-payments-guide)
  • see also: Easier living in China — online lodging registration rollout (295-online-lodging-registration)

像本地人一样付款：2026年来华跨境支付便利化指南

概述

2026年8月，中国面向外国访客的日常支付便利化再进一步。背景是中国担任APEC轮值主席年——入境支付便利被打造为国家级展示窗口，深圳是旗舰样本。国家外汇管理局深圳市分局2026年8月27日发布的官方数据，呈现了一个建立在四条轨道上的支付生态——银行卡、二维码、现金与数字人民币钱包——设计逻辑是：无论访客在本国习惯用哪种方式付款，在中国总有一条轨道可用。

同期，把访客带到中国的入境政策也在持续扩容：自2026年8月20日起，吉尔吉斯斯坦、越南公民可适用240小时过境免签政策和海南30天入境免签政策，至此过境免签适用国家增至57个、海南免签增至61个。

四条轨道详解

轨道一——国际银行卡（”外卡内绑”与直接受理）

持卡用户有两条互补路径：

  • 直接受理。 仅深圳一地，4.1万户商户在5.1万台POS机上受理外卡，覆盖机场、口岸、重点商圈、涉外酒店与文旅景点。深圳地铁闸机已于6月末完成升级，支持外卡拍卡过闸。
  • 在本地应用中绑定外卡。 微信支付已为200多个国家和地区的近700万外籍用户简化绑卡流程——访客绑定Visa或万事达卡后，即可扫描几乎每家商户都展示的二维码付款。上半年外卡交易量同比增长68%。

轨道二——使用本国电子钱包（”外包内用”）

自2025年下半年起步、2026年加速，境外电子钱包已通过跨境二维码统一网关接入中国二维码网络。微信支付已与全球近50家境外钱包机构互联互通，40余个钱包——包括PayPal（美国）、Hana Pay（韩国）、Liquidpay（新加坡）以及ShopeePay（东南亚，2026年8月下旬起开通）——可以直接扫描中国商户码收款。访客打开自己在本国使用的钱包、扫码即付；无需下载新应用、无需新账户、无需本地手机号。”外包内用”服务首期面向新加坡与泰国用户开放，菲律宾、越南、马来西亚将分阶段接入。

轨道三——现金与外币兑换

偏好现金的访客——或来自银行卡与电子钱包尚不普及经济体的旅客——仍可获得完整的现金服务。深圳有超3600台支持外卡取现的ATM、1600余个银行网点、40家持牌兑换特许机构和23个代兑点，兑换服务覆盖21个APEC成员经济体全币种。

轨道四——数字人民币硬钱包

深圳全国首发”可碰、可视、可扫”的数字人民币硬钱包，可通过香港八达通与外卡多渠道充值，近4万个商户受理。对中国香港以及试点央行数字货币的经济体访客而言，这提供了另一种熟悉、可离线使用的支付方式。

数据说明了什么

深圳官方数据很具体：

  • 2026年上半年，境外人士在深非现金支付交易1.06亿笔、金额156.16亿元，同比分别增长20.62%和29.42%。
  • 外卡交易量增长68%；网关框架下境外钱包日均交易量同比增长3.5倍。
  • 离境退税”即买即退”扩容：深圳离境退税商店累计超2500家、”即买即退”商圈15个，上半年退税商品销售额超10亿元，同比增长1.3倍。

国家层面，入境政策扩容正在助推趋势：2026年上半年入境外国人达2291.4万人次，同比增长20.4%，足迹覆盖全国近500座城市；在线平台数据显示，6月以来入境游客消费金额同比增长72.9%。

对一次商务差旅意味着什么

2026年抵华的外国商务旅客，实际画面是：

  1. 入境。 若符合240小时过境免签（现57国）或任一免签安排，短途行程无需预约签证；否则走普通签证通道。
  2. 抵境即付。 机场设有服务中心（如深圳宝安机场境外来宾支付中心），可协助完成支付设置；2026年6月起，飞往深圳的国际航线航班已在机上播放《境外来深人员支付指南》。
  3. 日常消费。 在市内，四条轨道任意组合均可用——刷外卡、用本国钱包扫码，或绑定银行卡后使用微信支付。现金随处可用，在机场兑换少量现金即可覆盖小店与应急。
  4. 离境。 “即买即退”离境退税点让符合条件的访客在离境前于机场或商圈直接退回购物增值税。

给访客与外籍居民的实用提示

  • 先测试本国钱包。 查询你的钱包（PayPal、Liquidpay、Hana Pay、ShopeePay等）是否已通过网关接入；若已接入，用现有应用扫码即可支付。
  • 绑定一张卡作备份。 微信支付（及支付宝）的外卡绑定已大幅简化；在机场服务中心一次绑定，即可获得完整的二维码商户网络。
  • 随身带些现金。 二维码在小微商户中近乎全覆盖，但个别小摊、部分出租车及非旅游地区可能仍偏好现金；支持外卡取现的ATM分布广泛。
  • 用好地铁升级。 在深圳等城市，外卡可拍卡过闸——微小却日常的便利。
  • 关注受理面而非仅可用性。 四条轨道在一线城市全域存在；小城市覆盖较薄。前往一线城市之外的商务行程，请随身携带银行卡与现金，而不只是钱包。

来源

  • 国家外汇管理局深圳市分局 — 提升境外人士支付便利度 全力保障APEC涉外服务需求: https://www.safe.gov.cn/shenzhen/2026/0827/2544.html
  • 央广网 — 我国240小时过境免签”朋友圈”扩展到57国 支持更多境外电子钱包境内使用: https://www.toutiao.com/article/7676330196719256116/
  • 南方+ — 支付自由，让深圳街头小店接住全球客流: https://www.nfnews.com/content/mobWEgxzyk.html

相关阅读

  • 见：在中国怎么付钱——外籍来华人员的支付实操指南（65-expat-payments-guide）
  • 见：外国人在华生活更便利——住宿登记网上办理与全国推广（295-online-lodging-registration）