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Where Will Your China Dispute Be Heard? Jurisdiction over Foreign-Related Civil Cases under the Amended Civil Procedure Law in Force from 1 January 2024

  • From 1 January 2024 the amended Civil Procedure Law widens Chinese courts’ reach over foreign-related civil and commercial disputes, adding an “other appropriate connection” catch-all.
    自2024年1月1日起施行的修改后民事诉讼法扩张了人民法院对涉外民商事案件的管辖范围,并新增”其他适当联系”兜底规则。
  • Article 277 lets parties choose Chinese courts by written agreement with no requirement that the chosen forum have an actual connection with the dispute.
    第二百七十七条允许当事人书面协议选择人民法院管辖,不再要求所选法院与争议存在实际联系。
  • Under Article 278, a foreign defendant who answers on the merits or counterclaims without first objecting to jurisdiction is deemed to have accepted the Chinese court.
    根据第二百七十八条,外国被告未先提出管辖异议即应诉答辩或提出反诉的,视为人民法院有管辖权。
  • Three categories are exclusive to Chinese courts: formation, dissolution, liquidation and resolution validity of Chinese entities; validity of IP examined and granted in China; and joint venture, cooperative venture and cooperative resource-exploration contracts performed in China.
    三类案件专属人民法院管辖:中国境内法人的设立、解散、清算与决议效力;在中国境内审查授予的知识产权有效性;在中国境内履行的中外合资、中外合作经营企业合同与中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同纠纷。
  • Article 280 lets a Chinese court accept a dispute already filed abroad, but an exclusive foreign choice-of-court clause can produce non-acceptance or dismissal.
    第二百八十条允许人民法院受理已在外国法院起诉的同一纠纷,但排他性外国法院管辖协议可导致不予受理或裁定驳回起诉。
  • Forum non conveniens under Article 282 works only if the defendant objects to jurisdiction and all five statutory conditions hold at once, with a return clause if the foreign court declines.
    第二百八十二条的不方便法院原则,须被告提出管辖异议且五个法定要件同时具备方可适用,并设有外国法院拒绝管辖时的回流条款。
  • At the enforcement stage Article 301 requires a finding that a foreign court lacked jurisdiction where there was no appropriate connection, where Chinese exclusive jurisdiction was breached, or where an exclusive choice-of-court agreement was ignored.
    在承认与执行环节,第三百零一条要求人民法院在外国法院与纠纷无适当联系、违反中国专属管辖规定或违反排他性管辖协议时,认定其无管辖权。

Where Will Your China Dispute Be Heard? Jurisdiction over Foreign-Related Civil Cases under the Amended Civil Procedure Law in Force from 1 January 2024 | 你的中国争议将在哪里审理?2024年1月1日施行的修改后民事诉讼法下涉外民商事案件的管辖权

Overview

Adopted in 1991 by the Fourth Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress and amended in 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2021 without substantive change to foreign-related procedure, the Civil Procedure Law was amended on 1 September 2023 by the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People’s Congress, effective 1 January 2024, rewriting Part Four, the “Special Provisions on Foreign-Related Civil Procedure”.

Chinese courts now hear cases from more than one hundred countries and regions. The amendment spans jurisdiction, parallel proceedings and forum non conveniens, service, judicial assistance and evidence-taking, and recognition of foreign judgments. Only jurisdiction is covered here; service is at No. 68, enforcement at No. 77.

Connecting Factors and the Appropriate-Connection Catch-All

Article 276 (former Article 272): in an action other than one on personal status against a defendant with no domicile in China, a Chinese court may take the case if any of these lies in Chinese territory — the place of contract signature, of performance, of the subject matter of the action, of attachable property, of the tortious act, or a representative office’s domicile.

Paragraph 2 is new and the widest provision in Part Four: where the dispute has other appropriate connections with China, a Chinese court may take jurisdiction. A closed list becomes an open standard — having no entity in China no longer means beyond reach.

Choice-of-Court Agreements

Article 277 is new: parties choosing a Chinese court by written agreement confer jurisdiction on it. The deletion matters more — the old requirement that the chosen place have an actual connection with the dispute is gone, so two foreign parties under a contract signed and performed abroad may now validly litigate in China. Limits: writing, and exclusive jurisdiction.

Submission by Appearance

Article 278 is new and is where unadvised foreign defendants lose: a party that raises no jurisdictional objection and answers on the merits or counterclaims is deemed to have accepted jurisdiction. The objection comes first, within the period for filing a defence.

Exclusive Jurisdiction

Article 279 (former Article 273) reserves three categories: (1) formation, dissolution and liquidation of a legal person or other organisation established in Chinese territory, and the validity of its resolutions; (2) validity of intellectual property examined and granted in Chinese territory; (3) disputes from performance in Chinese territory of Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, cooperative joint venture, and cooperative natural-resource exploration and development contracts.

A resolution-validity suit therefore goes to a Chinese court whatever the shareholders’ agreement says, and a joint venture contract performed in China cannot be routed offshore by drafting.

Parallel Proceedings

Article 280: where one party sues abroad and the other in China on the same dispute, or one sues in both, a Chinese court with jurisdiction may accept the case. Exception: an exclusive foreign choice-of-court agreement violating neither Chinese exclusive jurisdiction nor China’s sovereignty, security or public interest — the court may rule not to accept, and dismisses if already accepted.

Under Article 281, on written application based on the foreign court having accepted first, the court may stay — unless the parties chose a Chinese court, the dispute is exclusively Chinese, or a Chinese hearing is clearly more convenient. If the foreign court takes no necessary measures to hear the case, or fails to conclude it within a reasonable period, it shall resume. Where a foreign judgment has been recognised in whole or part, a fresh action on that part is not accepted, or is dismissed.

Forum Non Conveniens

Article 282 applies only where the defendant objects to jurisdiction and all five conditions hold at once: (1) the basic facts did not occur in Chinese territory and hearing and participating are clearly inconvenient; (2) there is no agreement choosing a Chinese court; (3) the case is not within exclusive jurisdiction; (4) it does not involve China’s sovereignty, security or public interest; (5) a foreign court is more convenient. The court may then dismiss and tell the plaintiff to sue abroad. Return clause: if that court declines jurisdiction, takes no necessary measures, or fails to conclude within a reasonable period, and the party sues again in China, the court shall accept.

How Chinese Courts Test a Foreign Court’s Jurisdiction

Article 301 directs a court to find a foreign court had no jurisdiction where: (1) it had none under its own law, or had it but with no appropriate connection to the dispute; (2) it breached Chinese exclusive jurisdiction; or (3) it breached an exclusive choice-of-court agreement.

That is item (1) of Article 300, whose five refusal grounds are: no jurisdiction under Article 301; the respondent not lawfully summoned, denied a reasonable chance to state its case and defend, or lacking capacity without proper representation; judgment obtained by fraud; a Chinese judgment already given on the same dispute, or a third-country judgment already recognised; and violation of the basic principles of Chinese law or harm to sovereignty, security or the public interest. Article 303 allows reconsideration by the next higher court within ten days of service; Article 305 refers proceedings involving a foreign state to China’s foreign state immunity law. Enforcement is at No. 77.

Litigation or Arbitration

A valid arbitration clause displaces court jurisdiction on the merits and the award travels under the New York Convention — but the Article 279 categories and the sovereignty and public-interest boundaries remain. See No. 77 and this site’s arbitration articles.

Practical Steps for FIEs

  1. Re-examine pre-2024 dispute clauses. Exclusivity now decides acceptance.
  2. Use Article 277 deliberately. No actual connection is needed; exclusive jurisdiction still binds.
  3. Screen contracts against Article 279. Its three categories cannot be contracted out of.
  4. Object before answering. No answer, no counterclaim, until that call is made.
  5. Plan the filing sequence. Filing first abroad may support a stay — not against a Chinese forum clause, exclusive jurisdiction or clear Chinese convenience.
  6. Plead forum non conveniens; never assume it. All five conditions together, and the case can return.
  7. Draft jurisdiction with enforcement in mind. Article 301 waits at the Chinese end.

Disputes touching Hong Kong, China, Macao, China or Taiwan, China follow separate judicial-assistance arrangements.

Related Reading

See dispute-resolution pathways (No. 39), cross-border service (No. 68) and enforcement (No. 77).


你的中国争议将在哪里审理?2024年1月1日施行的修改后民事诉讼法下涉外民商事案件的管辖权

概述

《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》于1991年由七届全国人大四次会议通过,此后历经2007、2012、2017、2021年四次修正,但历次修正均未对涉外民事诉讼程序作实质性调整。2023年9月1日,十四届全国人大常委会第五次会议通过《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的决定》,自2024年1月1日起施行,修改重点正是第四编”涉外民事诉讼程序的特别规定”。这是该编自1991年以来第一次系统性重写。

近年来人民法院审理的涉外民商事案件已覆盖一百多个国家和地区,境外当事人主动选择中国法院管辖的案件日益增多,管辖规则因此需要与跨境交易的现实相匹配。立法机关将修改内容概括为五方面:扩大涉外案件管辖权,增加平行诉讼一般规定与不方便法院原则,改革涉外送达,完善司法协助与域外调查取证,完善外国判决承认与执行的基本规则。本文只处理其中后果最直接的管辖权问题——送达见本站编号68,执行见本站编号77,本文仅在与管辖权相关处一笔带过。对外资企业而言,管辖规则的变化不只是诉讼技术问题:它决定了合同争议解决条款是否仍然有效、争议将在何处审理,以及一份境外判决日后能否在中国落地。

连结点与”适当联系”兜底规则

第二百七十六条(原第二百七十二条)是基础规则。因涉外民事纠纷,对在中国领域内没有住所的被告提起除身份关系以外的诉讼,如果下列地点位于中国领域内,可以由该地人民法院管辖:合同签订地、合同履行地、诉讼标的物所在地、可供扣押财产所在地、侵权行为地、代表机构住所地。

第二款为新增,也是修改后第四编扩张力度最大的条款:除前款规定外,涉外民事纠纷与中华人民共和国存在其他适当联系的,可以由人民法院管辖。封闭式列举由此转为开放式标准,此前因不符合任何列举项而无法受理的纠纷得以进入中国法院,例如商业重心、受影响市场或实质履行部分在中国,但没有任何单一列举连结点被完整满足的情形。”适当联系”如何认定,将在个案中由受诉法院结合纠纷与中国的实际牵连程度判断,境外企业不宜再以”未在中国设立主体”作为免受管辖的当然理由。对外国企业而言结论很直白:在中国没有子公司、分支机构或登记代表机构,已不再意味着处于中国法院管辖范围之外。同时,”可供扣押财产所在地”这一连结点既关乎管辖,也直接影响保全与后续执行的可行性。

协议管辖

第二百七十七条为新增:涉外民事纠纷的当事人书面协议选择人民法院管辖的,可以由人民法院管辖。更重要的是被删去的内容——旧法要求协议选择的法院所在地与争议有实际联系,该限制已取消。合同在境外签订、境外履行、适用外国法的两个外国当事人,如今仍可有效约定由中国法院审理,其立法目的是使中国法院成为国际商事主体可选的中立审判地。两项限制仍在:须采书面形式,且不得突破专属管辖。实践中还应把管辖条款写到可执行的程度,明确具体法院或明确的确定方法,避免因约定不明在受理阶段另生争议。同时须注意区分排他性与非排他性表述:选择中国法院时若写成非排他,对方仍可能在境外另行起诉,从而落入下文的平行诉讼情形。

应诉管辖

第二百七十八条同为新增,也是缺乏准备的外国被告最容易失手之处:当事人未提出管辖异议,并应诉答辩或者提出反诉的,视为人民法院有管辖权。顺序决定一切——管辖异议须在提交答辩状期间内、在就实体问题作出回应之前先行提出,逾期或先行实体答辩即丧失抗辩机会。收到起诉材料后的第一项工作因此不是准备实体抗辩,而是判断是否提出管辖异议;在管辖问题尚未决定时就指示律师”先把答辩交上去”,等于把选择权提前用掉。这一点对总部远在境外、内部审批链条较长的外资企业尤为关键,应在收到材料的第一时间启动应对,而不是等待总部逐级决策。

专属管辖的三类案件

第二百七十九条(原第二百七十三条)将三类纠纷保留给人民法院专属管辖:

  1. 因在中国领域内设立的法人或者其他组织的设立、解散、清算,以及其作出的决议的效力等发生的纠纷;
  2. 因与在中国领域内审查授予的知识产权的有效性有关的纠纷;
  3. 因在中国领域内履行中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同发生的纠纷。

这三类专属管辖不因当事人另有约定而改变,也是协议管辖自由的边界所在。

后果非常具体。就中国公司股东会或董事会决议效力提起的诉讼,无论股东协议如何约定都归人民法院审理;对中国专利、商标有效性的争议留在中国,无效宣告本身仍走行政程序并经行政诉讼救济;在中国境内履行的合资合同不能安排到境外审理——写入境外法院,或在某些情形下约定境外仲裁地,都需逐案评估而非沿用模板。对以合资方式进入中国的投资者,这意味着争议解决条款必须与主合同的履行地事实一并审阅,不能只看条款文本本身,还须核对合同实际在何地履行、标的物与知识产权登记在何处。

平行诉讼

第二百八十条是平行诉讼的第一条一般性规定。当事人之间的同一纠纷,一方向外国法院起诉、另一方向人民法院起诉,或者一方既向外国法院起诉又向人民法院起诉的,人民法院依法有管辖权的可以受理;仅在境外先行起诉并不阻断中国诉讼。例外是排他性管辖协议:当事人订立排他性管辖协议选择外国法院管辖,且不违反本法专属管辖规定、不涉及中国主权、安全或社会公共利益的,人民法院可以裁定不予受理;已经受理的,裁定驳回起诉。”排他性”三个字承载了全部分量。

第二百八十一条规定受理之后的处理。当事人以外国法院已经先于人民法院受理为由书面申请中止诉讼的,人民法院可以裁定中止诉讼,但有下列情形之一的除外:(一)当事人协议选择人民法院管辖,或者纠纷属于人民法院专属管辖;(二)由人民法院审理明显更为方便。外国法院未采取必要措施审理案件,或者未在合理期限内审结的,依当事人书面申请,人民法院应当恢复诉讼。外国法院的生效判决、裁定已被全部或部分承认的,当事人就已获承认部分又起诉的,裁定不予受理;已受理的裁定驳回起诉。合并来看,这是一场受到管理的”赛跑”:抢先在境外起诉换来的是可能的中止,而非永久阻断;一旦境外程序停滞,中止会被解除、诉讼恢复。对外国当事人而言,起诉地与起诉时点的选择因此不再是单纯的策略问题,而须结合管辖协议文本、专属管辖清单与两地程序推进速度一并评估。

不方便法院原则

第二百八十二条将不方便法院原则成文化,适用以被告提出管辖异议为前提,且五个要件须同时具备:(一)案件争议的基本事实不是发生在中国领域内,人民法院审理案件和当事人参加诉讼均明显不方便;(二)当事人之间不存在选择人民法院管辖的协议;(三)案件不属于人民法院专属管辖;(四)案件不涉及中国主权、安全或者社会公共利益;(五)外国法院审理案件更为方便。五项同时满足的,可以裁定驳回起诉,并告知原告向更方便的外国法院起诉。条文另设回流条款:驳回后外国法院拒绝行使管辖权、未采取必要措施审理或未在合理期限内审结,当事人又向人民法院起诉的,人民法院应当受理。被告因此无法借助该原则使原告陷入无处起诉的境地。需要强调的是,不方便法院原则不会由法院主动适用:被告若未在法定期间内提出管辖异议,即使五个要件客观上成立,也无从主张。

人民法院如何反向审查外国法院的管辖权

到了承认环节,管辖权会从相反方向再次出现。新增第三百零一条要求人民法院在下列情形之一时认定该外国法院对案件无管辖权:(一)外国法院依照其法律对案件没有管辖权,或者虽有管辖权但与案件所涉纠纷无适当联系;(二)违反本法对专属管辖的规定;(三)违反当事人排他性选择法院管辖的协议

该条服务于第三百条第(一)项。第三百条列举不予承认和执行的五种情形:依第三百零一条认定外国法院无管辖权;被申请人未得到合法传唤,或虽经合法传唤但未获得合理的陈述、辩论机会,或无诉讼行为能力的当事人未得到适当代理;判决、裁定系通过欺诈取得;人民法院已就同一纠纷作出判决、裁定,或已承认第三国法院就同一纠纷作出的判决、裁定;违反中国法律的基本原则或损害国家主权、安全、社会公共利益。

另有两条须一并留意。第三百零三条规定,当事人对承认和执行或不予承认和执行的裁定不服的,可以自裁定送达之日起十日内向上一级人民法院申请复议。新增第三百零五条规定,涉及外国国家的民事诉讼,适用中华人民共和国有关外国国家豁免的法律规定;有关法律没有规定的,适用本法。对外国当事人而言,第三百零一条的意义在于把”管辖”从起诉阶段的程序问题,变成了判决能否在中国落地的实体门槛:一份由与纠纷无适当联系的法院作出的判决,即便在原审地完全有效,在中国仍可能被拒绝承认。执行实务见本站编号77,本文不展开。

诉讼还是仲裁

有效的仲裁条款可排除法院对实体争议的管辖,裁决依《纽约公约》跨境流通,从而规避上述大部分管辖权博弈。但它不是万能出口:第二百七十九条的专属管辖事项以及公共利益与主权边界依然存在,在中国境内履行的合资合同、中国授权专利的有效性,都无法仅凭条款起草搬到境外。诉讼与仲裁的取舍应针对具体标的逐项判断,而不是作为默认选项照抄模板;对同一份合同中的不同争议类型,甚至可能需要作出不同安排。可参见本站编号77及本站国际仲裁类文章。

外资企业的实操步骤

  1. 重新体检2024年之前签署的争议解决条款。 排他性与非排他性如今直接决定人民法院是否受理,务必明确写清。
  2. 有意识地运用第二百七十七条。 选择中国法院不再需要实际联系,但永远不能突破专属管辖。
  3. 逐份合同对照第二百七十九条筛查。 在中国境内履行的中外合资、合作经营与合作勘探开发合同,法人设立、解散、清算与决议效力纠纷,以及中国授权知识产权的有效性,均属人民法院管辖。
  4. 建立管辖异议内部流程。 在是否提异议的决定作出前,不得提交实体答辩状、不得提出反诉。
  5. 规划起诉顺序。 抢先在境外起诉可能支持中止,但在已协议选择人民法院、属于专属管辖或由中国审理明显更方便时不适用。
  6. 不方便法院须主动主张,不可默认。 五个要件必须同时成立,且案件可能回流至中国。
  7. 起草管辖条款时即考虑执行。 第三百零一条在中国这一端等着,境外判决能否在中国落地,往往在签约时就已决定。

涉及中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾地区的争议,适用各自的区际司法协助安排,而非上述外国判决规则。

相关阅读

可参阅本站涉外争议解决总体路径(编号39)、跨境送达与诉讼程序(编号68),以及外国裁决与判决的执行(编号77),了解本文未覆盖的前后环节。三者与本文的管辖权规则共同构成涉外争议从立案到执行的完整链条。

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