Posted in

Rebuilding FIE Governance After the Five-Year Transition: From Board-as-Supreme-Organ to the Shareholders’ Meeting, and How to Design Articles, Organs and Control

  • The Foreign Investment Law took effect on 1 January 2020 and repealed the three former statutes, so an FIE’s organisational form and internal organs now follow the Company Law or the Partnership Enterprise Law.
    《外商投资法》自2020年1月1日起施行并废止”外资三法”,外商投资企业的组织形式与组织机构须依照《公司法》《合伙企业法》执行。
  • Article 44 of the Implementing Regulations (State Council Order No. 723) gave a five-year window, and from 1 January 2025 registration authorities refuse other registration applications from those that have not converted and publicise the situation.
    《实施条例》(国务院令第723号)第四十四条给予五年过渡期;自2025年1月1日起,未依法调整并办理变更登记的,市场监管部门不予办理其申请的其他登记事项并予以公示。
  • You are a legacy FIE if registered before 1 January 2020, your articles name the board or joint management committee as supreme organ, and the enterprise type carries a Sino-foreign equity or cooperative label.
    同时满足三条即属过渡期企业:2020年1月1日以前登记注册、章程约定最高权力机构为董事会或联合管理委员会、企业类型含”中外合资””中外合作”等字样。
  • Conversion runs in three steps: a resolution of the original organ signed by all directors or committee members, a shareholders’ resolution under the Company Law, then alteration registration or filing.
    变更分三步:原权力机构决议并由全体董事或联合管理委员会成员签字、股东(会)依《公司法》和新章程决议、向登记机关申请变更登记或备案。
  • Article 46 preserves the bargain: the agreed methods for equity transfer, profit distribution and distribution of residual property may continue to be performed as agreed after conversion.
    第四十六条保留商业安排:原合营、合作各方约定的股权或权益转让办法、收益分配办法、剩余财产分配办法等,调整后可以继续按照约定办理。
  • Veto rights that rested on board unanimity must migrate into shareholders’ meeting supermajorities, reserved matters in the articles and a shareholders’ agreement, or the partner silently loses control.
    原本依托”董事会一致同意”的否决权,须迁移至股东会表决比例、章程特别多数条款与股东协议,否则合资方将悄然丧失控制权。
  • Investors from the Hong Kong SAR of China and the Macao SAR of China follow the Law by reference, while investors from the Taiwan region of China apply the Taiwan Compatriots Investment Protection Law first.
    中国香港特别行政区、中国澳门特别行政区投资者参照外商投资法执行;中国台湾地区投资者优先适用《台湾同胞投资保护法》及其实施细则。

Rebuilding FIE Governance After the Five-Year Transition: From Board-as-Supreme-Organ to the Shareholders’ Meeting, and How to Design Articles, Organs and Control | 外商投资企业的治理架构改造:从董事会最高权力机构到股东会——《外商投资法》五年过渡期终结后的章程、机构与控制权设计

Overview

A Sino-foreign joint venture long ran on an unusual rule: the board, not the shareholders, was the supreme organ, and fundamental matters needed unanimous director consent. It ended on 1 January 2020, when the Foreign Investment Law took effect and the three former FIE statutes were repealed. An FIE’s form and organs now follow the Company Law and the Partnership Enterprise Law.

What the Transition Period Changed

Article 44 of the *Regulations for the Implementation of the Foreign Investment Law* (State Council Order No. 723) let an FIE established before the Law under the three FIE laws — an “existing foreign-invested enterprise” — adjust its form and organs within five years and register the change, or keep the original. From 1 January 2025, where it has not adjusted and registered according to law, the market regulation department will not process other registration matters it applies for, and will publicise the situation. Article 45 leaves the mechanics to the market regulation department; Article 49 confirms four old implementing rules were repealed.

Are You a Legacy FIE?

Three cumulative tests: registration before 1 January 2020; articles naming the board or a joint management committee (联合管理委员会) as the supreme organ; and an enterprise type labelled 中外合资, 中外合作, 外商合资, 台港澳与境内合资, 港澳台与境内合资, 港澳台与境内合作, 港澳台与外国投资者合资 or 港澳台合资. The second is substantive: read the filed articles, since some early WFOE articles copied joint-venture templates; a non-legal-person FIE instead becomes a partnership.

What Must Be Amended

The supreme organ becomes the shareholders’ meeting, or the sole shareholder, and the board becomes an executive organ. The way the legal representative and the directors and officers are produced must be restated: the legal representative is now the director who represents the company in performing company affairs, or the manager, as the articles specify. The deliberation and voting mechanism must be written out — notice, quorum, vote counting and supermajority matters — since unanimity belonged to the old statute. The articles must be fully restated. The filing may involve enterprise type alteration, articles filing and director filing.

The Three-Step Filing Route

Following SAMR’s circular on registration under the Foreign Investment Law (国市监注〔2019〕247号), provincial notices set out three steps in order.

  1. The existing supreme organ resolves to amend the articles and move supreme authority to the shareholder or shareholders’ meeting. The resolution must be signed by all directors or all committee members, not a majority — the commonest obstacle where a director has resigned or the parties have fallen out.
  2. The shareholders then resolve, under the Company Law and the new articles, on the restated articles, board composition, supervisors or audit committee, legal representative and enterprise type.
  3. The company applies for the alteration registration and filings, with the *Application for Company Registration (Filing)*, the signed resolution, the restated articles and the shareholders’ resolution.

Filing is available online via Guangdong’s platform at https://qykb.gdzwfw.gov.cn/qcdzhdj/ or Fujian’s service hall, and at local counters.

Consequences of Not Converting

Once other registration matters are refused, the company cannot change its legal representative, domicile, registered capital or business scope; there is no fine — it simply cannot transact when a lease ends or capital is injected. The litigation risk is larger: where the filed articles still vest supreme authority in an organ the law no longer treats as supreme, the legality of the highest organ and of its decisions may be challenged, leaving the rights of the Chinese and foreign investors and of the FIE hard to safeguard. The situation is publicised, so it surfaces in due diligence.

Redesigning Control in a Joint Venture

Protection that rested on board unanimity disappears unless rebuilt:

  • Migrate the veto upward into reserved matters at shareholder level with a supermajority threshold, listed item by item — articles, capital, merger, division, dissolution, scope, major related-party transactions, disposal of core assets.
  • Consider separating voting rights from contribution, which a limited liability company’s articles may permit where the minority brings technology, brand or channels.
  • Fix the legal representative and how they are replaced; that person holds the chops and the registration file. Allocate board seats, nomination rights, the chair and quorum too.
  • Choose the supervisory model — a board of supervisors, supervisors, or an audit committee under the Company Law — and add deadlock and exit machinery with pre-emption, tag-along and drag-along rights.

What Survives From the Old Contract

Under Article 46, once an existing FIE has lawfully adjusted its form and organs, the methods for transfer of equity or rights and interests, for distribution of profits and for distribution of residual property agreed by the original joint-venture or cooperative parties may continue to be performed as agreed. This preserves bargains such as accelerated recovery of the foreign investment or non-capital contributions. Locate the original contract and restate those terms expressly.

Investors From the Hong Kong SAR, the Macao SAR and the Taiwan Region of China

Under Article 48, investors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region of China investing in the mainland are handled by reference to the Foreign Investment Law and its Implementing Regulations. Investors from the Taiwan region of China apply the *Law on the Protection of Investment by Taiwan Compatriots* and its implementing rules first, with the Law and Regulations covering matters those instruments omit. Chinese citizens settled abroad are likewise handled by reference.

Related Reading

See No. 09 on WFOE, representative office and joint venture; No. 161 on an individual overseas founder; No. 177 on branches, foreign-invested partnerships and holding platforms; and No. 196 on online filing and the electronic business licence.


外商投资企业的治理架构改造:从董事会最高权力机构到股东会——《外商投资法》五年过渡期终结后的章程、机构与控制权设计

概述

近四十年,中外合资企业实行着一套在他法域看来特殊的治理安排:最高权力机构是董事会而非股东会。修改章程、增加注册资本、合并、解散等重大事项,须由出席董事会会议的全体董事一致通过。外方股东的保护就内嵌在这一句话里。

这一格局在2020年1月1日终结。当日《中华人民共和国外商投资法》施行,《中外合资经营企业法》《外资企业法》《中外合作经营企业法》——即通称的”外资三法”——同时废止。自该日起,其组织形式与组织机构适用《公司法》《合伙企业法》。董事会不再至高无上,股东会成为最高权力机构。

国务院曾给予存量企业五年过渡期,现已届满。下文讨论这项变革究竟要求什么、如何办理变更登记、未办理的后果,以及如何在章程与协议中重建控制权。

过渡期改变了什么

核心条款是《中华人民共和国外商投资法实施条例》(国务院令第723号)第四十四条:外商投资法施行前依照”外资三法”设立的外商投资企业,即”现有外商投资企业”,在外商投资法施行后五年内可以依照《公司法》《合伙企业法》等法律的规定调整其组织形式、组织机构等并依法办理变更登记,也可以继续保留原组织形式、组织机构。

真正的约束力在后半段。自2025年1月1日起,对未依法调整并办理变更登记的现有外商投资企业,市场监督管理部门不予办理其申请的其他登记事项,并将相关情形予以公示。监管部门不会解散企业,也不会罚款,只是冻结登记通道并记入公开记录。

第四十五条把具体操作交给国务院市场监督管理部门规定并公布。第四十九条确认:本条例自2020年1月1日起施行,四部配套法规同时废止。

有一点常被误读:五年窗口是”可以”而非”自动”完成转换——什么都没做的企业,章程里仍写董事会为最高权力机构,仍须走完整变更程序,只是失去了自主选择时点的自由。

如何判断本企业是否属于过渡期企业:三个并列条件

各地市场监管部门有判断标准,只有同时满足下列三项,企业才属于调整范围:

  1. 成立时间在2020年1月1日以前登记注册。 企业在外商投资法施行前完成设立登记;此后设立者本就依《公司法》登记,天然设股东会。
  2. 公司章程约定的最高权力机构是董事会或联合管理委员会。 这是实质判断标准。应当调取登记机关备案的章程文本阅读关于”最高权力机构”的条款;若写明为董事会或联合管理委员会,则落入调整范围。
  3. 企业类型含有历史合资合作字样。 常见表述包括”中外合资””中外合作””外商合资””台港澳与境内合资””港澳台与境内合资””港澳台与境内合作””港澳台与外国投资者合资””港澳台合资”等。

2020年以前设立、已设股东(会)的外商独资企业通常不在此列,因其章程本就把最高权力赋予(唯一)股东;但部分早期外资企业章程系比照合资范本起草,仍将董事会表述为决策机构。判断依据应是章程文本本身,而非企业类型名称。

不具有法人资格的外商投资企业另走路径:依《合伙企业法》改制为合伙企业,涉及合伙人责任形态、损益分配与税务处理,宜尽早评估。

究竟要调整哪些事项

调整绝不是把一个条款换个说法那么简单,以下四项内容须一并变动。

最高权力机构。 章程须将股东会——一人公司则为该股东——确定为最高权力机构。董事会随之降格为执行机构,负责执行股东会决议、聘任或解聘高级管理人员。

法定代表人和董事(董监高)的产生方式。 原有体制下,董事长通常当然地担任法定代表人。依《公司法》,法定代表人由代表公司执行公司事务的董事或者经理担任,具体由章程规定。章程须明确该职务由谁担任、如何提名与任免、如何完成更换。

议事表决机制。 原来的重大事项一致同意规则,是合资经营企业的法定特征,而非《公司法》公司的法定特征;若各方希望保留,必须自行写入章程。章程须载明股东会的召集与通知、表决权计算、哪些事项适用普通多数、哪些适用特别多数。

公司章程本身。 需要一份完整重述的新章程,而不是打补丁的旧章程。若提交的文本仍引用已废止的”外资三法”、仍写着”董事会为公司最高权力机构”,不仅可能在窗口被退回,日后也会在内部治理中留下歧义。

依据实际变动内容,涉及的登记与备案事项可能包括企业类型变更登记、公司章程备案、董事备案等。

变更登记的三个步骤

各地依据《市场监管总局关于贯彻落实〈外商投资法〉做好外商投资企业登记注册工作的通知》(国市监注〔2019〕247号)等规定,将流程归纳为三步。顺序不可颠倒,后一步的效力来源于前一步。

第一步,原权力机构作出决议。 由公司现行最高权力机构——董事会或联合管理委员会——作出修订章程的决议,将最高权力机构调整为股东(会)。该决议须由全体董事或全体联合管理委员会成员签字,不是多数,而是全体。这是实务中最常见的堵点,尤其在董事辞任后未补选、双方已生争议的情形下。

第二步,股东(会)作出决议。 最高权力机构完成迁移后,由股东或股东会依《公司法》和新章程形成决议:确认重述章程、董事会组成、监事或审计委员会设置、法定代表人及企业类型调整。

第三步,办理变更登记与备案。 常见申请材料包括:《公司登记(备案)申请书》;原权力机构将最高权力机构调整为股东会的决议(全体董事或联合管理委员会成员签字);修订后的公司章程;股东会决议等。

办理可线上完成:广东省通过省政务服务网企业开办一网通办平台(https://qykb.gdzwfw.gov.cn/qcdzhdj/ );福建省在网上办事大厅搜索”公司变更登记注册”在线申报;各地均保留属地窗口渠道。

不办理调整的后果

登记冻结的影响面比字面更广。一旦登记机关不予办理”其他登记事项”,企业将无法变更法定代表人、住所、注册资本与经营范围。损害往往间接发生:租约到期需要搬迁却无法变更住所;投资人同意增资却无法完成登记。企业并未被处罚,只是无法完成交易。

诉讼层面的风险更为要紧。如果备案章程仍将最高权力赋予一个法律上已不再承认其最高地位的机构,企业最高权力机构及其作出决策的合法性可能受到质疑——交易相对方、小股东或退出方都可能主张决议由错误的机构按错误程序作出。一旦发生纠纷,中外投资者以及外商投资企业自身的合法权益都难以得到有效保障。相关情形还会被予以公示,进入银行与交易对手尽职调查所参考的信用信息体系。

合资企业控制权的重新设计

治理改造在此已不只是行政手续。原结构下,少数股权的外方凭董事席位与一致同意规则即可阻止根本变更;最高权力机构迁至股东会后,该项保护若不重建便自动消失。以下设计值得重点考虑。

将否决权上移。 凡是原先依托”董事会一致同意”实现的控制,都应当在股东层面重新表述为特别决议事项,并设定足够高的表决比例,使任何一方无法单方通过。事项应逐项列明,而非仅写”重大事项”,否则为日后争议预留空间。

考虑表决权与出资比例分离。 有限责任公司可以在章程中约定不按出资比例行使表决权。当少数方投入技术、品牌或渠道资源时,这是使影响力与实际贡献相匹配的最直接工具,但须写入章程,仅在附函或备忘录中约定不足。

锁定法定代表人并分配董事席位。 法定代表人对外代表公司,实践中掌握印章与登记档案;章程应明确该职务由谁担任、由哪一方提名、在何种情形下终止,以及继任者完成登记的步骤。同时约定董事人数、各方提名名额、董事长人选、法定人数与通知期限。

选择监督机制。 依现行《公司法》,公司可以设监事会、设一名或数名监事,也可以在符合法定条件时于董事会中设置审计委员会行使监事会职权。对合资企业而言,由少数方在审计委员会中占有一席,往往比设置一名名义监事更具实质意义。

建立僵局打破与退出机制。 应约定争议升级与调解程序,并最终导向确定结果:买卖选择权、按公式定价的期权,或以解散为最后手段;同时配套优先购买权、随售权与领售权。

原合资合同中哪些约定得以延续

《实施条例》第四十六条是合资方在假定”改造会推翻既有安排”之前应先读的条款。该条规定:现有外商投资企业依法调整后,原合营、合作各方约定的股权或权益转让办法、收益分配办法、剩余财产分配办法等,可以继续按约定办理

这项让步极易被忽略。若按《公司法》默认规则,利润按实缴出资比例分配,剩余财产按持股比例分配;而许多早期合作型企业建立在不同的经济安排之上:外方投资的加速回收、体现非资本性投入的不等比分成等。第四十六条使这些安排得以跨越法律形式的变更继续有效。

两点提醒:其一,受保护的是原合同已约定的内容,起草新章程前务必先找到原合同及补充协议;其二,须将延续安排明确写入新章程或章程援引的股东协议,并说明来源于原合营、合作合同,否则日后可能被主张各方意在回归法定默认规则。

中国香港、中国澳门与中国台湾地区投资者

中国香港特别行政区、中国澳门特别行政区投资者在内地投资,参照外商投资法和本条例执行。这意味着2020年以前设立、章程约定董事会为最高权力机构、企业类型标注”港澳与境内合资”等字样的企业,明确属于本次调整范围。

中国台湾地区投资者在大陆投资,适用《中华人民共和国台湾同胞投资保护法》及其实施细则;该法及其实施细则未规定的事项,参照外商投资法和本条例执行。定居在国外的中国公民在中国境内投资,同样参照执行。

对上述情形,操作建议与其他过渡期企业一致:套用三条件判断标准、调阅备案章程文本、按三步流程办理。

相关阅读

关于载体类型之间的选择,可参阅本站外商独资企业、代表处与合资企业的对比(编号09);境外自然人直接设立公司参见编号161;分支机构、外商投资合伙企业与控股平台参见编号177;全程网办与电子营业执照参见编号196。

Sources

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *