- China’s export-control regime is now unified under the Export Control Law (2020) and the Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items (State Council Decree No.792), effective 1 December 2024.
中国的出口管制制度现已在《出口管制法》（2020）与《两用物项出口管制条例》（国务院令第792号，2024年12月1日施行）下统一。- “Dual-use items” are goods, technology and services with both civilian and military uses — the control net covers export, re-export, transit, transshipment and even certain overseas-to-overseas transfers of China-origin items.
“两用物项”指兼具民用与军事用途的货物、技术和服务——管制网覆盖出口、再出口、过境、转运，甚至含中国成分物项的境外向境外转移。- The unified Dual-Use Items Export Control List (MOFCOM/MIIT/GACC/State Cryptography Administration Notice 2024 No.51) took effect the same day and replaced multiple older lists.
统一的《两用物项出口管制清单》（商务部/工信部/海关总署/国家密码局2024年第51号公告）同日施行，取代多份旧清单。- Licences come in three forms: single licence (single end-user, one export, ≤1 year), general licence (multiple exports/users, ≤3 years, for compliant exporters), and a registration-and-filing pathway for specified low-risk situations.
许可分三类：单项许可（单一最终用户、一次出口、≤1年）、通用许可（多次出口/用户、≤3年，面向合规出口商）、以及针对特定低风险情形的登记填报凭证方式。- End-user and end-use management is central: applicants must submit end-user/end-use certificates and cannot change them; a Control List and a Watch List can restrict counterparties.
最终用户与最终用途管理是核心：申请须提交最终用户/用途证明且不得擅自变更；管控名单与关注名单可限制交易对手。- The regulation abolished the old exporter-registration prerequisite — exporters can now apply for a licence directly — a genuine trade-facilitation step.
条例取消了旧的出口经营者登记前置——出口商现可直接申请许可——是实实在在的贸易便利化举措。- For foreign buyers this matters even when they are the importer: your Chinese supplier’s licence status, catalogue classification and end-user paperwork determine whether goods can lawfully leave China.
对外资买家而言，即便你是进口方也息息相关：中国供应商的许可状态、清单归类与最终用户材料，决定货物能否合法离境。- Build export-control screening into supplier due diligence — classification check, licence verification, end-use statements, re-export awareness and an internal compliance programme (ICP).
将出口管制筛查纳入供应商尽调——归类核查、许可核验、最终用途声明、再出口意识与内部合规制度（ICP）。
Export Control & Dual-Use Items: What Foreign Buyers Sourcing from China Must Check | 出口管制与两用物项：从中国采购的外资买家必须核查什么
Overview
When a foreign company buys from China, the usual worries are price, quality and delivery. Export control is a quieter risk that can stop a shipment cold — and it applies to a surprisingly broad range of ordinary industrial goods, not just obvious “weapons parts”. Certain sensors, chemicals, machine tools, advanced materials, software and encryption can all be dual-use items. Since 1 December 2024, China runs a single, modernised framework for these items. This article explains the legal architecture, the licence types, end-user rules, the re-export reach, and — crucially — how a buyer folds export-control checks into supplier due diligence so a purchase order is not derailed at the border.
The legal framework
Two instruments anchor the system:
- Export Control Law of the PRC (2020) — the umbrella statute establishing a unified export-control system through control lists and export licensing.
- Regulations on Export Control of Dual-Use Items (国务院令第792号) — signed 30 September 2024, effective 1 December 2024, 6 chapters and 50 articles. It consolidates previously scattered rules (nuclear dual-use, missile-related, biological dual-use, certain chemicals) into one coherent regulation, and simultaneously repealed the older stand-alone regulations.
On the same day, the unified Dual-Use Items Export Control List (Notice 2024 No.51, jointly by MOFCOM, MIIT, GACC and the State Cryptography Administration) took effect, replacing multiple legacy lists and folding in commercial-encryption controls.
What counts as a “dual-use item”
A dual-use item (两用物项) is a good, technology or service with both civilian and military applications — or one that could help enhance military potential, especially anything usable to design, develop, produce or deploy weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems. The definition expressly includes related technical data. Because “technology and services” are covered, sending a Chinese engineer’s technical drawings or providing certain technical support abroad can itself be a controlled “export”.
The three licence pathways
Article 15 of the regulation sets out how a controlled item may lawfully leave China:
- Single licence (单项许可): one exporter, one specified item, a single export to a single end-user; valid ≤1 year; auto-expires once the export completes.
- General licence (通用许可): multiple exports to one or multiple end-users within the stated scope; valid ≤3 years; available only to exporters with a well-run internal compliance programme, a track record and relatively fixed channels/end-users.
- Registration-and-filing (登记填报信息获得出口凭证): for specified low-risk situations (e.g. re-export after repair/testing, exhibition goods returned unchanged, civil-aircraft parts repair) the exporter registers information before each export and self-declares.
MOFCOM must generally decide a single-licence application within 45 working days (identification, expert consultation or on-site verification time is excluded).
End-user and end-use management
This is the heart of the system. Applicants must submit end-user and end-use certificates and may not change the declared end-user/end-use without re-applying. The regime uses two lists:
- Control List (管控名单): importers/end-users who breach end-use requirements or pose national-security risks can be listed, and transactions with them can be prohibited or restricted; listed parties lose access to general licences and filing conveniences.
- Watch List (关注名单): parties who refuse end-use verification can be listed, and dealing with them forfeits licensing conveniences.
Re-export, transit and the long reach
The regulation reaches beyond a simple China-to-abroad shipment. Re-export, transit, transshipment and through-transport of controlled items are within scope. Article 49 also allows MOFCOM to require overseas operators to comply when they transfer, to specified destinations/parties, items that contain, integrate or are mixed with specified China-origin dual-use items, or that are produced abroad using specified China-origin controlled technology. Foreign buyers who re-export goods with Chinese content should therefore assess China-origin controls in addition to their home-country rules.
Trade-facilitation upside
It is not all restriction. The 2024 regulation abolished the exporter-registration prerequisite: exporters no longer need prior “dual-use exporter registration” and may apply for a licence directly. It also increases policy transparency, codifies the general-licence convenience, and provides a filing route for low-risk cases such as repairs and exhibitions — reducing friction for compliant, legitimate trade.
Folding export control into supplier due diligence
Add an export-control gate to onboarding and to each significant PO:
- Classification check — is the item (or its technology/software/encryption) on the current Dual-Use Items List, or under temporary control? Ask the supplier for its classification; when unsure, the supplier can seek a MOFCOM ruling.
- Licence verification — confirm the supplier holds the correct single/general licence, or qualifies for filing, before shipment.
- End-use documentation — provide accurate end-user/end-use statements; understand that changing them mid-stream can void the licence.
- Screen counterparties — check that neither you nor downstream users are on the Control/Watch lists.
- Re-export awareness — if you will re-export goods containing Chinese content, evaluate China-origin controls alongside your own jurisdiction’s.
- Internal Compliance Programme (ICP) — favour suppliers with a functioning ICP; a general licence itself signals maturity.
- Customs interface — remember GACC will not release controlled goods without the licence; missing paperwork means detention.
What to do next
- Map your China-sourced items and technology transfers against the 2024 Dual-Use Items List; flag anything sensitive early.
- Require suppliers to confirm classification and hold the correct licence before you place binding orders.
- Standardise end-user/end-use certificates in your procurement templates; never misstate them.
- Screen all counterparties against the Control List and Watch List; re-screen periodically.
- For goods with Chinese content that you will re-export, assess China-origin re-export exposure in your compliance review.
- Prefer suppliers with an internal compliance programme; treat a general licence as a positive due-diligence signal.
Sources
- 《中华人民共和国出口管制法》（2020）— http://www.npc.gov.cn (official portal)
- 《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制条例》（国务院令第792号，2024-12-01 施行）— https://www.gov.cn (official portal)
- 司法部、商务部负责人就《两用物项出口管制条例》答记者问 — https://www.moj.gov.cn/pub/sfbgw/zcjd/202410/t20241019_508011.html
- 商务部 工业和信息化部 海关总署 国家密码局 2024年第51号公告（发布《两用物项出口管制清单》）— https://exportcontrol.mofcom.gov.cn
- 中国出口管制信息网（商务部安全与管制局）— https://exportcontrol.mofcom.gov.cn
Related reading
- see also: 采购供应-供应商尽调 (the broader supplier vetting checklist)
- see also: 采购供应-供应商尽调 (compulsory product certification / CCC)
- see also: 进口清关-进出口清关 (import-export licensing & customs clearance)
出口管制与两用物项：从中国采购的外资买家必须核查什么
概述
外资企业从中国采购时，通常关心的是价格、质量与交期。出口管制是一种更隐蔽的风险，可能让一票货戛然而止——而且它适用于范围惊人的普通工业品，绝不只是显而易见的”武器零件”。某些传感器、化学品、机床、先进材料、软件与加密都可能是两用物项。自 2024 年 12 月 1 日起，中国以统一、现代化的框架管理这些物项。本文说明法律架构、许可类型、最终用户规则、再出口的延伸效力，以及——最关键的——买家如何把出口管制核查纳入供应商尽调，避免订单在口岸受阻。
法律框架
两部文件构成制度基石：
- 《中华人民共和国出口管制法》（2020）——统领性法律，通过管制清单与出口许可建立统一出口管制制度。
- 《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制条例》（国务院令第792号）——2024 年 9 月 30 日签署、2024 年 12 月 1 日施行，共 6 章 50 条。它把此前分散的规则（核两用、导弹相关、生物两用、部分化学品）整合为一部统一条例，并同时废止相关旧行政法规。
同日，统一的《两用物项出口管制清单》（2024 年第 51 号公告，商务部、工信部、海关总署、国家密码局联合发布）施行，取代多份旧清单并纳入商用密码管制。
什么算”两用物项”
两用物项指兼具民用与军事用途——或有助于提升军事潜力，尤其可用于设计、开发、生产或使用大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具——的货物、技术和服务，其定义明确包括相关技术资料。因涵盖”技术和服务”，向境外发送中国工程师的技术图纸或提供某些技术支持，本身即可能构成受控”出口”。
三条许可路径
条例第 15 条规定受控物项合法离境的方式：
- 单项许可：一个出口商、一项特定物项、向单一最终用户一次出口；有效期≤1 年；完成出口后自动失效。
- 通用许可：在载明范围内向单一或多个最终用户多次出口；有效期≤3 年；仅面向内部合规制度运行良好、有出口记录、渠道及最终用户相对固定的出口商。
- 登记填报凭证：对特定低风险情形（如进境检修/试验/检测后复运、参展原样复运、民用飞机零部件维修等），出口商每次出口前登记信息并自行填报。
商务部原则上应自受理单项许可申请起 45 个工作日内决定（鉴别、征询专家或实地核查时间不计入）。
最终用户与最终用途管理
这是制度核心。申请须提交最终用户与最终用途证明，且不得擅自变更所申报的最终用户/用途，否则须重新申请。制度设两份名单：
- 管控名单：违反最终用途要求或危害国家安全的进口商/最终用户可被列入，与其交易可被禁止或限制；被列入者丧失通用许可与填报便利。
- 关注名单：不配合最终用途核查者可被列入，与其交易不享受许可便利。
再出口、过境与长臂效力
条例的效力超出简单的”中国—境外”出运。受控物项的再出口、过境、转运、通运均在管制范围。第 49 条还允许商务部要求境外经营者遵守：当其向特定目的地/对象转移含有、集成或混有特定中国成分两用物项、或使用特定中国原产受控技术在境外制造的物项时。因此，再出口含中国成分货物的外资买家，除本国规则外，还应评估中国成分的管制。
贸易便利化的一面
制度并非只有限制。2024 年条例取消了出口经营者登记前置：出口商无需事先登记即可直接申请许可；同时提升政策透明度、明确通用许可便利，并为维修、参展等低风险情形提供填报路径——为合规、正当贸易减少摩擦。
把出口管制纳入供应商尽调
在准入及每一笔重要订单中加入出口管制关卡：
- 归类核查——该物项（或其技术/软件/加密）是否列入现行两用物项清单或临时管制？向供应商索取归类；不确定时供应商可向商务部咨询。
- 许可核验——出运前确认供应商持有正确的单项/通用许可，或符合填报条件。
- 最终用途材料——提供真实的最终用户/用途声明；理解中途变更可能使许可失效。
- 筛查交易对手——确认你与下游用户均不在管控/关注名单。
- 再出口意识——若将再出口含中国成分货物，须与本司法辖区规则一并评估中国成分管制。
- 内部合规制度（ICP）——优先选择有运行良好 ICP 的供应商；通用许可本身即成熟度信号。
- 海关接口——海关不凭许可不放行受控货物；材料缺失即被扣留。
下一步建议
- 将你在华采购物项与技术转移与 2024 年两用物项清单比对；尽早标出敏感项。
- 在下达约束性订单前，要求供应商确认归类并持有正确许可。
- 在采购模板中标准化最终用户/用途证明；切勿虚报。
- 对所有交易对手比对管控名单与关注名单；定期复筛。
- 对将再出口的含中国成分货物，在合规审查中评估中国成分再出口敞口。
- 优先选择有内部合规制度的供应商；将通用许可视为尽调正向信号。
来源
- 《中华人民共和国出口管制法》（2020）— http://www.npc.gov.cn
- 《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制条例》（国务院令第792号，2024-12-01 施行）— https://www.gov.cn
- 司法部、商务部负责人就《两用物项出口管制条例》答记者问 — https://www.moj.gov.cn/pub/sfbgw/zcjd/202410/t20241019_508011.html
- 商务部 工业和信息化部 海关总署 国家密码局 2024年第51号公告（发布《两用物项出口管制清单》）— https://exportcontrol.mofcom.gov.cn
- 中国出口管制信息网（商务部安全与管制局）— https://exportcontrol.mofcom.gov.cn
相关阅读
- 参见：采购供应-供应商尽调（更完整的供应商尽调清单）
- 参见：采购供应-供应商尽调（强制产品认证 CCC）
- 参见：进口清关-进出口清关（进出口许可与海关清关）